How businesses Work Essay

Introduction For this unit I will give a clear description of the activity, aims and objectives of my chosen business, a description of four functional areas of the business including human resources. Descriptions of the equal opportunities of employees are safeguarded by legislation, an explanation of different functional ways to communicate with each other and external contact. The company I have chosen for this unit is Tesco the reason I chose Tesco is because it is a very successfully growing company. Tesco is public limited company (Plc). (Means that any one can be shareholder) Public limited companies are the largest type of privately owned enterprise in the UK. Tesco sells Groceries, cloths, CDs, videos, DVDs, books, computer games, electrical, school equipment, wines and other alcohol drinks. Tesco offers finances such as loans, credit cards, savings, flexible, and mortgages, travel money. They also offer insurance such as motor insurance, home insurance, life insurance, pet insurance, travel insurance and breakdown cover. One of the other services they offer is Internet shopping, making shopping much easier for customers. Tesco all so has an in store pharmacy. Throughout out years Tesco’s in store pharmacy grown in to one of the country’s leading pharmacy chains. Tesco is currently the leading supermarket in UK. Tesco as a pretty good competition from other supermarket such as Sainsbury, Safeway. But Tesco is cheaper then mot of the other supermarkets and they offer lot more products. Recording to Tesco on average sainsbury’s is 4% more expensive then Tesco and Safeway are 10% more expensive then Tesco. There are more then 700-plus stores and many distribution centres are located in United Kingdom. They have several office sites in the UK. And Ireland, where they’re key support functions is based. The majority of office staff is based in Hertfordshire, Tesco has been operating on a international basis for long time, anticipating the need to become a major retail name in key regions, they moved into central Europe, where they have a strong presence in Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic and the dynamic Asian market. The aims and objectives for Tesco The main aim of tesco is to make profit, just like any other business. This is a important aim because if they don’t make any money then they won’t be able to fund there business and keep it up and running, the other aims are To exceed competition and to increase the number of customers. To recruit new employees with the potential to do well. The most important aim for Tesco is to provide a highly competitive service to the customers. To survive as a business. To expand the business worldwide and to increase image status. To be environmental friendly. The departments of Tesco Customer service, Human resources, Marketing, Finance, Administration, Distribution, Research & Development Production, The functional areas of Tesco Human Resources Human resources are concerned with the employees who work for Tesco. Tesco regard staff as there most important resource. This is impotent recourse for tesco because if the employees were not motivated with good pay and working conditions then tesco would not be very successful because tesco won’t have any workers. But if the tesco motivate their staff and offer good working place for all the staff then they would be keen to work. This helps the Tesco to achieve its aims. The overall purpose of the human resource function is to attract and retain good high quality staff. The human resources department deals with: Recruiting new employees and firing employees Working conditions Health Safety Promotion Development Training Human resources staffs are involved in specific activities such as Recruitment, Retention and Dismissal of staff, The training, development and promotion of staff, Monitoring and maintenance of good working conditions, Liaison with employee’s organizations and trade unions, Health and safety. Tesco recruit by advertising in newspapers, Internet to find the experience workers. Tesco Retention their staff by motivating them and organizing social events, flexible hours. They also offer discounts, holiday pay, and sick pay. Another way to motivate and retain employees is to give them more responsibility, so they fell more involved. Tesco won’t dismiss an employee with out a reason, but if they do they would give them severance pay. Tesco train their employees on the job, so the workers can get use to the surroundings. Off the job training is when employees go somewhere else to train. Development and promotion of staff- if an employee’s work at their best and heaver good punctuality then there is a good chance of that employee getting promotion. When the employee gets a promotion he has to go a way and do the training course. Job roles in human resources: Human resources manager: Human resources manager works most at the store level and tells everyone where to work. Recruitment Officer: Responsible for the recruitment and selection of staff. Training/staff development officer: responsible for training and staff development. Personal / staffing officer: keeping staff records, monitoring staff welfare. Health and safety officer: overseeing all health and safety matters, accident monitoring and prevention. HR administrative assistants: administrative work relating to the human resources function. Administration The administration department helps tesco to run smoothly from day to day. The admin department covers tasks such as clerical work, collecting and distributing mail, keeping records, and organizing meetings, responding to enquiries. Admin is also charge of cleaning, maintenance and security. The administration department all so orders and distributes office goods for Tesco. Administration is also involved in communications between departments e.g. send messages, fax, telephone and receiving and sending mail. They store all the documents and records used by tesco and are responsible for their safekeeping. All theses small jobs which keeps tesco running efficiently. The activities of the Administration department Keeping the company records, Maintenance, Clerical work, Job roles in Administration Company secretary: they are senior executives who are responsible for the legal affairs of Tesco; they deal with shareholders and arrange the directors meetings. Reprographic supervisor: they have the responsibility of making sure the smooth running of the central reprographic section in tesco. Security: they are responsible for the security that tesco needs, which maintains the high level of safety in tesco. Manager: he is the manager for the it requirements for tesco which include advising of the central reprographic section in tesco. Finance Another functional area in Tesco is finance. The finance keeps track of all the money going in and out of the Tesco. Financial department can notify how much stock tesco sells, how much tesco spend on their stock, employees and other general expenses. This department sets budgets for all other departments at tesco to keep their planned level of income and expenditure, they keep up with how much each department spends because finance get all the employees as well because the payment of their wages and salaries is part of that function. They get a set wage each week, which is sent in to the employee’s bank account. The purpose of the finance function is to Keep all the finance records required by Tesco (receipts and payments that have been made) Pay salaries to the staff. Pay the suppliers, Providing up-to date financial information for the managers about the business performance. The activities of the finance department Preparing accounts Obtaining money Paying salaries Job roles in finance department Financial manager: Financial manager manage the finance function and staff. Credit controller: Credit controller ensures that money owing to Tesco is kept with in agreed level. Chief accountant: is responsible for preparation of Tescos accounts. Financial director: He gives advice to Tesco senior managers on financial matters about game. They oversee Tesco’s budget and are in charge of all financial fuctios in tesco. Marketing Department The job of the marketing department in tesco is to sell the finished products to the customers. If the marketing department fails the whole company fails. The department identifies the consumer’s requirements and supply their needs. This involves a lot of market research and finding out what the customer’s requirements are. Tesco use many types of initiatives to encourage customers to shop with them. For a example Tesco offers club cards that gives the customers points which are exchange in to money off in their next shopping trip, tesco offers internet shopping so that it is easier and quicker for the customers to do their shopping. Tesco carry out many activates to find out about customers such as Internet questionnaires, which is based on the net. (Or can be on the store). They do this to find out what customers needs and try to cater them, by doing this they increase customers and profit. This department is responsible for the advertising, promotion and selling of goods. They are therefore likely to take advantage of using the Internet for research purposes, sending out letters and questionnaires to assess the needs of customers and using the telephone as a means of telesales. Job roles in Marketing Department Marketing director: responsible for the overall marketing function and its aims and objectives. Sales director: responsible for the sales function. Sales manager: responsible for sales staff and the achievement of sales targets. Export manager: responsible for overseas agents. Order clerks: accept and process sales orders. Marketing director: he is in charge of the whole marketing department. Advertising manager: he is in charge of advertising and meeting with agencies over publicity. Communication between departments of Tesco Written forms include: Letters – Formal and slow. Normally used for formal communication, which do not require a quick response. Usually addressed to an individual. Memos – Formal/Informal and Slow. Used to address a wider audience. E-mail – Formal/Informal and Fast. Used for quick response, group or individual. Verbal forms include: Telephone – Formal/Informal Used to discuss issues with a specific person for a quick response. Interviews – Formal/Informal Used to speak to a specific person, usually regarding a specific issue. Meetings – Formal/Informal Employed to discuss specific issues, for an audience of up to 8 people. Presentations – Formal Used to cover issues that concern a large proportion of the employees. In addition to these there are things like internal invoices, requisition orders, posters, notices, group discussion events, etc. Tesco can use these form of communication in many ways for a example if the administration department organise a meeting but ends up they can’t make it they they can telephone the heads of all the departments and tell them that the meetings been cancelled. There are many ways to communicate but the two main ones are oral and written. These include memos. Letters mobile phones and verbal and all of these, have there advantages and disadvantages. For intense E-mails have their advantages and disadvantages mails are resaved quickly they can be send to more then one person at a time, they can be kept for long time and it’s a very cheap way to communicate. Their disadvantages are that they can take long time to type up and people can misspell words and it’s is very uninsured. Telephones are an example of oral communication it’s too as its advantages and disadvantages. The advantages is it’s very fast and an easy way to communicate. Phones can be used to talk to any one in the world in seconds. The disadvantages are it can be expensive to call people out side the country. (UK). If the telephones are disconnected your calls won’t get through and it’s impersonal so contracts can’t be made this way. The person in the other side may not be the person you won’t to speak to so Tesco’s employees can give out important information a way. This form of communication can be useful to get in contact with external contacts because they telephone them and pass what ever information they need quickly and cheaply. Notice boards can be used to display information to large amount of people. People can get all the information they need from the message boards. This form of communication even be use to get a message across to external contacts. This forum of communication is used in tesco for an example if the financial department wants all the employees of the departments to know a particular detail such as if a sudden day off was planned. By putting this information on a notice board the employees can easily read it and find out what they have to do. Memos are quick to write down, cheap and easy to use. They are not secure because any one can read them. They can be used in game if one department has a not so important message to give to another because they can take some time to get where they need to go. This form of communication may be used if someone wants a message to be short and if they don’t need it going somewhere urgently e.g. office equipment needed. This would be sent to admin who would then order the needed equipment. Examples of communication betweens departments The marketing department will contact the finance department by faxing them a letter saying that they need finical backup to advertise a new product. Another example of this form of communication being used in Tesco is if the finance department wants to send to admin a load of invoices. This form of communication would be used if a document needed to be sent because a telephone would be useless because the recipient can not read the document over the phone. . . How Tescos customer services help achieve the companies aims Tesco reduce they prices very often. They all ways keep customers up to date by handing out leaflets and advertisements on TV. Good customer service means happy customers. If the tesco keeps they are customers happy they get more customers. The employees serve good customer service so the customers come back to the shop at Tesco’s again and again. Organisational structure of Tesco Tesco’s Matrix structure Matrix structure The advantage of Matrix structure is that information and ideas flow very quickly between the departments. So the product can be released before other companies. They take specialists from the hierarchical structure to form the Matrix structure. So they can release new products before other companies. After they released the products they go back and do their normal jobs in the hierarchical structure. All the specialists in the Matrix structure are equal and have an equal say in the product that is going to be released. Tesco use this kind of Matrix structure because the old Hierarchical structure was not the best structure for tesco because they are such a large company. Also the other companies where releasing their products before tesco so that’s why they had to replace their structure. Hierarchical Organisational Structure Tesco’s Hierarchical Structure Above is a hierarchical organizational structure for Tesco. It’s shows how the business works and who works for who. For an example Accounts Clark work for Administration Manager and Computer Programmer work for Technical Manager. The disadvantages of the Tesco’s Hierarchical Structure is that massagers take a long time to flow down to the shops floor and some times the massagers can get mixed up. Another destadvantage of the Hierarchical Structure is that a company can release the product before Tesco release it. This is because it takes time for the idea of the product to flow downs the Hierarchical Structure. The advantage of the Hierarchical Structure is that it’s shows the line of power.

Would you expect a stronger anti-union response

Would you expect a stronger anti-union response from an employer in a manufacturing environment or a service environment? Why? By Andres-Su Would you expect a stronger anti-union response from an employer in a manufacturing environment or a service environment? Why? I would expect a heavier anti-union response from the manufacturing industry for a wide variety of reasons. Firstly, because due to the fact there is more market power in manufacturing giving unions more leverage to exact demands from employers.Secondly, Jobs in service industries are generally of a shorter duration, so workers leave their Jobs frequently so unionization is not a high priority. The cost of labor is also higher in service Jobs, so unions have less power. So simply put, there will be a much more anti-union response in the manufacturing industry simply because manufacturing unions have much more power and leverage compared to workers in service industries. Select an organization with which you are familiar, and discuss the possible argaining units that would be appropriate for collective bargaining in its structure.Just because it Just literally happened, I chose MLB (Major League Baseball). Baseball players and owners signed an agreement for a new labor contract Tuesday, a deal that makes baseball the first North American professional major league to start blood testing on human growth hormone and expands the playoffs to 10 teams. The five- year deal collective bargaining agreement makes changes owners hope will increase competitive balance by pressuring large-market teams to rein in spending on mateur draft picks and international signings.Other highlights include: Players will be required to play in the All-Star Game unless injured or excused, Instant replay will be expanded to include decisions on foul lines and traps, subject to an agreement with umpires, Players, managers and coaches may not use smokeless tobacco products during televised interviews and may not carry them in thei r uniforms, Players arrested for DWI will be required to undergo mandatory evaluation, and Players will start wearing improved batting helmets manufactured by Rawlings by 013.Review the arguments for and against the Employee Free Choice Act and the Mandatory Secret Ballot Protection Act. How would you vote? Give your reasons. The Employee Free Choice Act is a piece of legislation that would change federal law in order to, according to the bill's authors; strengthen the rights of workers to unionize. It attempts to do so by changing the procedure by which workers unionize. Currently, union campaigns must secure support from 30% of workers in a company through card-ballots, which subsequently sends the campaign into a secret ballot lection.If a majority of workers then vote by secret ballot to unionize, a union may be certified by the National Labor Relations Board and established. The Employee Free Choice Act intends to change the law so that a union can be created by a majority vote from the card-ballot process alone, avoiding the second process of a secret ballot election. It also establishes stronger penalties for violation of employee rights when workers seek to form a union and during first-contract negotiations and provides for mediation and arbitration for first-contract disputes.

Accounting System and Information Assurance

The following study evaluates the systems documentation as well as the risk analysis process of the business enterprise. The study states the context and level DFD as well as the process map in attaining organizational goals and as well as the objectives. There are many risks, which can pose a threat to the business sustainability of the enterprise. JK retail is a family owned business enterprise and keeps one cashier to record the financial transactions in the business enterprise. Thus, there can be several issues, which shall have an impact on the financial sustainability of a business entity. According to Dowling (2014), there can be several complexities in the retail business, which needs to be handled in an appropriate manner. Thus, there can be discrepancies in the recording of funds for the business entity. In addition, keeping a finance executive for the business enterprise shall result in greater pressure on a single individual. Kim and Solomon (2013) stated that the systems documentation as well as the risk analysis of the organization is an important part of the operational strategies of the organization. The following study states the context and the level DFD as well as the risk analysis procedure in the business organization. Besides this, the process map in the business organizations shall state the consumer payment procedures in the business entity. Thus, the payment procedures in the business organization shall have to be stated, to assist consumers for the payment of taxes in the business organization. 1. The context and level DFD in the business organization shall reflect the operational as well as the marketing policies implemented in the business organization. The context and level DFD in the business organization shall consist of the three stages of the business entity and that shall consist of the Process order, Cyber back as well as shipping and the execution of goods. Alewine and Stone (2013) state that these three stages in the context and   level DFD in the business organization shall ensure smoother business functionalities.   The cyber check in the business organization shall consist of the verification of the credit card in the business organization and the credit card company in the business entity. According to Griffin and Wright (2015), the customer in the business organization shall have   an influence   on the operational strategies of the company. Therefore, Kissel (2013) customer views and behavior in the workplace would have an impact on the marketing and the operational process of the business entity. The process order in the business organization takes the necessary customer order and offers the acknowledgement to the customers. This is the initial stage of the customer decision process in the organization. Therefore, it is necessary for the business entity to determine the necessary business policies of the organization. The cyber check is the next process in the operational processes of the business entity. Hardy (2014) mentioned that the shipping process in the business entity would help in discharging the goods to the consumers. In this regard, it can be stated that the shipping process shall also refer to the developing sales vouchers for the business entity to facilitate the sales of the goods of the business entity. In this regard, it can be stated that these three stages are interlinked and have an influence on the total sales and the consumer buying process in the business organization. Therefore, these steps shall help the business entity in the development of pertinent business strategies for the business enterprise. Zhou, Hou and Zong (2016) stated that the management of the business entity has to consider the factors like the external market environment like the economic factors of the country as well as the changes in the market trends. Therefore, the context level DFD in the business organization shall help the management of the business organization to determine the business policies of the organization. 2.The business process mapping involved in the operation shall assist   the business enterprise   in the development of organizational goals as well as the   objectives. Following is the process flow chart implemented in the   business organization Here, it can be stated that the accounts payable department shall receive the payment of good from the suppliers. As such, the invoice payment shall have to be reviewed for compliance. In other words, it shall have to be evaluated that the invoice meets the requirements of the sales processes in the business organization. If the goods do not match with the invoice requirements, it shall be returned to the suppliers. The invoice requirements are duly met, the invoice placed on hold and as well as the debt shall be notified of the necessary action taken by the business enterprise. After this, the sales revenue shall be placed in the payment Queue and the payment system shall be processed in the business organization. The payment processes is the last stage and can be done manually or through the internet. 1. There are certain risks present in the existing cash payment opportunities in the business entity. The cashier primarily maintains a manual process so as to aid the business enterprise in the development of organizational strategies in the business entity. There is a scope of discrepancy and embezzlement of the funds. Besides this, the recording of the cash transactions is a complicated procedure and thereby, have an adverse impact on the financial sustainability of the business entity. Hall (2012) have stated that the manual procedure of the business enterprise should have an adverse effect on the manual processes of the business enterprise. This would require a considerable time and effort on the part of the employees in the business organization. In this regard, it can be stated that the cashiering process is lengthy as well as time consuming and would slow down the business operational policies of the business entity. Since the cashier needs to match the amount with those of the cashier as well as the manufacturing processes of business enterprise. It can be stated that the amount matches with the amount stated in the sales order. Therefore it is necessary for the business entity to determine the accurate balance stated in the sales receipt order.This shall assist the cashier in executing its duties in an effective manner   In certain circumstance, an error from the sales receipt order of the business entity shall lead to financial irregularities in the sales process of the business entity. As such, the total payment procedure is dependent on the sales personnel of the business entity. It can be mentioned that the recording of the cash transactions of the business entity is a detailed procedure, which possess a considerable risk to the financial sustainability of the entity. Sundem et al. (2014) stated that the business entity offers the following two receipt books as stated below - this relates to one for cash as well as one the other for the credit card receipts. As such, these two receipts shall help the business entity in recording the financial situation of the business entity. JK retail is a family owned business entity and possess a healthy cash flow. However, there is only a single cashier who receives the payment of cash and issues cash receipts for the organization. As such, the financial processes are dependent on the recording of cash transactions for the business entity. This also can lead to issues for the business enterprise and have an impact on the operational processes for the business enterprise. Moghadam et al. (2013) mentioned that the cash transactions of the business entity should have to be paid with the payment of cash for the business entity. The payment of taxes is another important issue that has shall be paid on the payment of taxes of the organization. In this regard, it can be said that the payment of taxes is one of the mandatory process in the organization. As such, it is necessary that the business entity shall have an impact on the management of the business entity. The incorrect assessment of the financial condition of the business activity shall lead the business entity in attaining   growth and sustainability in the   market. Thus, the role of the cashier shall depend on the job functionalities of business entity. As such, the sales personnel have to correctly assess the financial condition of the business entity to enable the business enterprise for the development of authentic financial strategies of the business entity. The risk assessment of the job role of cashier shall have an influence on the marketing and the operational policies   of the business entity.   2. The cash recording procedures of the business entity shall have an impact on the business enterprise shall facilitate financial sustainability and growth in the domestic and International market. Domeika (2015) mentioned that the cash recording procedures of the business entity should have an impact on operational, financial as well as the marketing procedures of the business enterprise. Being individual personnel, the cashier of the organization has to examine the sales vouchers adequately to negate any discrepancies in the management of the organization. Thus, this shall have a difficult task for the cashier in the business organization. Besides this, Shul'ga (2014) stated that the return of goods by the customers should require additional time and effort as well as pertinent financial strategies from the business entity. Therefore, it is necessary that the goods have to be unaccounted in developing actual financial strategies that reflects the financial condition of the business entity. There are additional measures that has to be taken by the business entity in the consist of bad debt as well as the provision of bad debts in the organization. Therefore, the cashier of the business organization has to take pertinent measures have taken care of such expenses in the business organization to promote organizational growth in the domestic and international market. It can be stated that JK Retail shall have many pertinent issues in the existing cashiering position. This includes heavy workload as well as the complexities in the financial transactions of the business enterprise. The management of JK Retail has to respond appropriately for the business enterprise so that the cashier gests the necessary guidelines and help for the development of   marketing as well as   the operational strategies of the business entity. Besides this,, such a situation can lead to the incorrect assessment of the financial situation of the business enterprise. Apart from these factors, it can lead to financial discrepancies in the books of accounts for the business enterprise. JK retail is a family owned business entity, has achieved considerable sales revenue, and consists of a healthy cash flow in the existing year. The systems documentation shall have many stages in cash payment procedure of the business organization. As such, E-commerce, Cyber check as well as shipping or the execution of the order of the goods would have an influence on the financial sustainability of the business entity. The proper verification of the vouchers in the organization is one of the primary responsibilities of the cashier in the business organization. Thus, the sales personnel as well as the cashiers in the business organization shall develop an important role in assisting the management of the organization in aiding the customers in the store for the payment of bills in the organization. Alewine, H.C. and Stone, D.N., 2013. How does environmental accounting information influence attention and investment?.  International Journal of Accounting & Information Management,  21(1), pp.22-52. Domeika, P., 2015. Creation of the Information System of Enterprise Fixed Asset Accounting.  Engineering Economics,  60(5). Dowling, C., 2014. A Big 4 firm's use of information technology to control the audit process: How an audit support system is changing auditor behavior.Contemporary Accounting Research,  31(1), pp.230-252. Griffin, P.A. and Wright, A.M., 2015. Commentaries on Big Data's importance for accounting and auditing.  Accounting Horizons,  29(2), pp.377-379. Hall, J.A., 2012.  Accounting information systems. Cengage Learning. Hardy, C.A., 2014. The messy matters of continuous assurance: Findings from exploratory research in Australia.  Journal of Information Systems,28(2), pp.357-377. Kim, D. and Solomon, M.G., 2013.  Fundamentals of information systems security. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Kissel, R., 2013. Glossary of key information security terms.  NIST Interagency Reports NIST IR,  7298(3). Moghadam, H.M., Akhavansaffar, M., Bakhshaei, Z. and MirHosseini, S.Y., 2013. Effect of investment in information technology system on providing desired services of accounting information system.  Elixir International Journal A,  55, pp.13268-13273. Shul'ga, S.V., 2014. Information disclosure in financial statements: evolution of national systems and integration determinants.  Journal International accounting,  38, p.332. Sundem, G., Bradbury, M., Spicer, B. and Wells, M., 2014. The Search for a Better Accounting System: The Overlooked Concern.  Accounting Education for the 21st Century: The Global Challenges, p.465. Zhou, Y., Hou, S.J. and Zong, K., 2016. Ecological Accounting: Current Situation, Problems and Thinking This work is supported by the National Social Science Fund Project â€Å"Regional Ecological Economic Benefit Evaluation Method Based on Multi-statistical analysis combining space†(13BJY026) and the Ministry of Education humanities and Social Sciences project,â€Å"Ecoefficiency evaluation of coal mining areas†(14YJCZH236).

Thomson One - Business School Edition - Walt Disney Prospectus Essay

Thomson One - Business School Edition - Walt Disney Prospectus - Essay Example The sale of common stock is an opportunity for the new stockholders to invest in the share of the company with a long term plan. The existing shareholders could also purchase the common stocks of the company by using the dividend proceeds allocated the company on each of the existing shares. The approach undertaken for marketability of the offered securities includes the engagement of independent brokers and dealers who would purchase the purchase the securities on behalf of the participants of the investment plan (Coyle, 2002). The initial responsibilities of independent broker and dealer have been awarded to Citigroup which is subject to change from time to time. The Disney Shareholder services department plays the function of resolving any queries on the sales of securities and also undertakes post sale service like dispatching of the statements, allocation of dividends, etc. The contact numbers of the plan administrators are also made available for the purpose of contact as desir ed by the investors. These are systematic approaches undertaken by the Walt Disney Group in order to ensure better marketability of the securities. Question 2 The dollar amount that Disney proposed to sell the public in 2008 is included in the features of the plan as given in the prospectus. The investment plan is offered for sale to the public in order to issue common stocks valued at certain dollar price. The securities were decided to be sold to the public either at initial investments for a 0ne time period or under the payment of a monthly interest from a recognized bank. The Walt Disney Group proposed to sell the securities to the potential new shareholders or to the existing shareholder at an initial investment of $250 per share of Walt Disney. Apart from the initial investment, the Disney also proposed an alternative option for sale of the securities through a payment of $50 on a monthly basis through a recognized commercial bank. The proposed dollar value for the sale of the securities has increased from 2008 to 2010. The increase in the dollar value of sale could be attributed to the increase in demand of the securities over the years (Nevitt and  Fabozzi, 2000). The increase in performance efficiency of the Walt Disney Group led to the increase in revenue of the company as a result of which the retained profits of the group increased over the years. The profits allocated to the shareholders per share increased from 2008 to 2010. The rise in earnings per share and the dividend payout ratio led to the flow of market information that the Disney is looking at long term future prospects for growth and is expected to offer a higher return on equity over the years. The rise in demand of the securities raised the market prices of the security. As a result of this, he proposed sale value in dollars increased from 2008 to 2010. Question 3 The net amount obtained by Disney after the sell of shares approximates to around 51% of the sale price of each share in the investment plan. The amount netted by Disney from the sale of these shares under the Investment Plan takes into account the discounts and the commissions involved in the process of sale. The discounts and commissions are subtracted from the price of sale to determine the net amount obtained by Walt Disney. The sale of the shares of Disney involves the role of an independent broker dealer who executed the transaction for purchase or sale of the shares on behalf of the participants of the investment pl

Multiculturalism in Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Multiculturalism in Organisations - Essay Example This interaction has resulted into business as products and services exchange hands and organisations look into crossing borders (Amaram, 2007). Organisations have encountered cultural diversity within global markets and decided to capture the benefits associated with it (Laungani, 2007). People from different cultures, races, ethnicity and nationalities are working in the same organisations thus resulting to multiculturalism. These organisations can be termed as multicultural organisations. In a broader context, a multicultural organisation is one whose mission, services, products and operations manifest the interests and contributions of various ethnic, social and cultural groups. It involves people from diverse cultural groupings as full players in the decision-making process that forms the organisation (Fassinger, 2008). After reading the definition, it seems obvious that multicultural organisations have many aspects so the question asked is, what are the characteristics of these organisations? There are six characteristics of multicultural organisations discussed in this paper. ... An example is Language training, which is crucial when employing foreign nationals as it assists in enhancing communication with other employees (Cox, 2009). Full Structural Integration This ascertains that individuals’ job statuses have no correlation with their ethnic and social group. These organisations ensure that even the minorities are comfortably represented in the organisations’ levels and functions. This aims at providing equal opportunities for all employees to hold offices and positions based on qualifications, skills and abilities. In multicultural organisations, every employee is regarded as a key player in the success of the organisation and their roles are given according to academic qualification, work experience, skills and abilities. Coming from a different cultural background does not hinder an individual from climbing the corporate ladder. It is viewed as an added advantage because the individual brings insight and a different perspective of viewing things (Cox, 2009). This goal can be achieved by evenly distributing education and skill level. Integration in Informal Networks This involves including the minority group members in informal gatherings and networks organised by the organisation. These may include mentoring programmes that are directed to the minorities, support groups and other social events (Amaram, 2007). In preparation for such occasions, it is vital to select suitable locations and activities with all minority groups in mind to help nurture multiculturalism. Such events help the minorities feel as part of the organisation and assist in eliminating barriers, therefore, fostering easy socialisation (Cox, 2009). Absence of Prejudice and

Supply chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Supply chain - Essay Example The concept of standardization applies to multiple industries, and the cost savings can be significant; estimates by governmental leaders and industry analysts project that the auto manufacturing industry alone could save as much as $1 Billion annually (6). With a focus upon cost savings, there are several ways in which standardization assists a company or industry in improving its SCM processes to achieve the desired end. These include the enhancement of SCM planning, the enabling of SCM transparency, as well as the increase of cooperation and efficiency between the components. In terms of planning, the process of standardizing practices across the entirety of the supply chain requires management to consider each element in the system and how those elements interact. To standardize a process means that each component is reviewed with an eye toward streamlining the interactions so that the ultimate process works better; a concept that applies to virtually any supply chain. For example, in the healthcare industry, one author notes that considering all the criteria which directly link to â€Å"product selection, product use, product disposal, and environmental and community health impacts† should be incorporated into the SCM so that a â€Å"holistic perspective† is maintained (Eagan, Kaiser, and Shaner 207). It makes sense that a non-compartmentalized view of the supply chain would contribute to efficiency in planning, resulting in cost savings. Accordingly, the first improvement standardization brings to SCM is that of forcing management to und erstand the entire process so that it all works together in an organized fashion. Another improvement gained through standardization is found in the principle of transparency. Published and recognized standards allow each component within the chain to understand the processes of the other elements and work in cooperation with them. As discussed in other research, the linear

Public Space Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Public Space Today - Essay Example Hence as public spaces become familiar with more and more individuals as the 21st century progresses the perceptions of people occupying those public spaces are relevant. Regardless of how public spaces are described, or the condition they are in, it is certain that all urban spaces have large numbers of them. Certainly individuals who utilise these public spaces do not invest a lot of time talking about descriptions of the kinds of spaces they are occupying, neither do they discuss about the advantages offered by public spaces, instead they encounter the advantages and at times ignore these public spaces (Carmona et al. 2008). However, they do give importance to and ‘occupy’ such public spaces and utilise them as a component of their everyday existence. Therefore, these public spaces contribute significantly to the quality of life of a community and an individual in the urban environment.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     A summary of the interpretations of public spaces, an assumpti on of shared observations between a 19th century naturalist, a supporter of public parks, and a landscape architect, remains relevant today (Woolley, 2003):(1) Individuals need interaction with their immediate environment in order to be strong spiritually, emotionally, and physically;(2)   The growth of industrial urban areas has basically damaged the natural environment, at the expense of the people;(3) It is the purpose of public spaces to restore to the urban areas the advantages of the natural environment and to give every chance.... ummary of the interpretations of public spaces, an assumption of shared observations between a 19th century naturalist, a supporter of public parks, and a landscape architect, remains relevant today (Woolley, 2003): (1) Individuals need interaction with their immediate environment in order to be strong spiritually, emotionally, and physically; (2) The growth of industrial urban areas has basically damaged the natural environment, at the expense of the people; (3) It is the purpose of public spaces to restore to the urban areas the advantages of the natural environment and to give every individual the chance to experience a natural architecture; (4) The level to which an urban area gives these opportunities and the level to which it produces public spaces to meet the needs and demands of its people are means of determining the growth of democracy. In spite of their weaknesses these interpretations can contribute to the recognition of the fact that numerous of the advantages of public spaces have been embraced as realities historically. Public spaces are vital to everyone’s everyday activities. The opportunities and advantages that can be provided by various public spaces, whether they are civic, neighbourhood, or domestic, all over the urban foundation can offer a chance to improve the quality of life. According to some scholars, it is certain that a number of metropolises, like Sheffield, Bristol, and London, already have functioning informal and formal systems of public space (Madanipour 2003). The case studies included in this discussion evidently confirm the interpretation that numerous components of life for communities and people in urban areas can be enhanced by the presence of public spaces. It is demonstrated in the case studies on Venice and Siena that

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 21

Research Paper Example er, images of female beauty portrayed by most advertisement, communication, and interaction platforms, make women to adopt unhealthy living habits, as they strive to meet the over exaggerated standards of being beautiful. This trend has brought about research by various scholars into the effect of media on women’s view of beauty, pointing to reduced self-esteem, among other negative issues associated with unrealistic body images. This paper explores and critically analyzes existing scholarly evidence, showing the relationship that exists between media and the rise in women’s unhealthy habits like eating disorders, as they practice beauty. The subject bears a huge impact, given the pervasive nature of media and accompanying socio-cultural expectation of women to be symbols of physical perfection. Prior to analyzing the effect of media in shaping the beginning of female beauty and body image, it is important to first understand the meaning of this aspect. According to Luff and Gray (133), body image refers to â€Å"the inner representation of a person’s outer appearance.† This means that one’s body image is a reflection of both physical and abstract views about their appearance. These scholars also emphasize that body image is linked to the self-concept and self-esteem. For instance, a negative perception of one’s body image translates to highly reduced self-esteem and subsequent dissatisfaction with oneself. Body image is particularly of concern during adolescence and young adulthood, since it is in the course of this phase that individuals undergo numerous and rapid physical and mental changes that pave way for self-discovery. It is also during this important developmental stage that people, especially girls and young women become more vulnerable to external influence from peers and information sources like various forms of media. With coverage to media increasingly becoming prominent and provocative by day, body image is certainly a major topic of

Prison reform in Ghana Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Prison reform in Ghana - Thesis Example Prisons are housed in old colonial forts. New structures are being built, but not fast enough. Since most of the population is economically poor many end up committing a crime. The poor are at the mercy of the gang members. The prisons are filled with violence, drugs, and corruption. The Ghana Prison Service is in charge of overseeing the prisons. While changes are being made, they are woefully inadequate. The problem becomes that the Ghana people are patterning a prison system after the British. This would be fine if the Ghana government had the resources of the British government. Since the country is one of the poorest in the world, their prison system cannot achieve the same goals as one of the richest countries in the world. The Ghana Prison System needs to create a correctional program based on their resources, culture, and needs. While this seems unlikely I can only hope for a better prison system in the future. I wish that all humans can be treated fairly, even those in West Africa. Ghana deserves to have their culture preserved in every aspect of their life, including their prison

The law enforcement code of ethics Essay Example for Free

The law enforcement code of ethics Essay Both the law enforcement code of ethics (LECE) and the professional investigators and security association (PISA) are Law enforcement agencies. Both agencies do not condone criminology. As such, the code of ethics of LECE is clear about this. A law enforcement officer is required to give immunity to innocent citizens against any form of deception, oppression and violent acts. He is also required to respect the laid down constitutional rights of equality and fairness to justice. They are therefore required to carry out their duties impartially without bias, friendship or be guided by personal feelings. Consequently a member of the PISA in a bid to ensure that ethics is portrayed is required to carry out investigations with a high degree of integrity and in a moral and professional manner. They are further required not to exaggerate issues but apply courtesy and honesty in all criminal related matters. The same as LECE code of ethics advocates against carrying duties partially with personal feelings and friendships influencing decisions, same applies to PISA. The members of PISA are restrained from racial, religious and gender discrimination when carrying out official duties. Both bodies require that their members co-operate by working hand in hand in executing their obligatory roles. They are not supposed to receive bribery or engage in any forms of corruption practices. Their codes of ethics also require them to maintain high degrees of confidentiality by keeping as secrets, what they see or do. Both codes of ethics stipulate the different roles played by different officers as far as criminal justice is concerned. Further, both codes require that their members safeguard the reputation of their respective bodies governing them. They are required to exhibit highest possible standards of professionalism. As much as the two bodies are similar in their regularity regulatory code of ethics, they also differ in certain principles. Unlike the members of LECE, members of PISA consult professionals on matters pertaining to justice. These include American Academy of professional law enforcement, The Association of Detectives Inc. mong others. They also invite guest speakers who include retired detectives who offer consultation services on criminology issues. The professional investigators security associations use more of information technology in handling tasks compared to the law enforcement body umbrella Lastly, various countries may have a slight disparity on their professional code of ethics. However the law enforcement code of ethics seems to be standardized across geographical regions/jurisdictions

Why do people play computer games

Why do people play computer games Video and computer games, like many popular, entertaining and addicting kid activities are looked down upon by many parents as time-wasters, and worse, parents think that these games rot the brain. Also, the media and some experts readily blame violent video games as the reason why some youth become violent or commit extreme anti-social behavior. But many scientists and psychologists find that video games actually have many benefits. Video games may actually teach kids high-level thinking skill that they will need in the future. Video games give your childs brain real workout. In many video games, the skills required to win involve abstract and high level thinking. These skills are not even taught at the school. Some of the mental skills trained by video games include hand-eye coordination, fine motor and spatial skill. In shooting games, the character may be running and shooting at the same time. This requires the real-world player to keep track of the position of the character, where he/she is heading, their speed, where the gun is aiming, if the gunfire is hitting the enemy, and so on. All these factors need to be taken into account, and then the player must then coordinate the brains interpretation and reaction with the movement in their hands and fingertips. This process requires a great deal of eye-hand coordination and visual-spatial ability to be successful. Researches also suggest that people can learn iconic, spatial, and visual attention skills from video games. There have been even studies with a dults showing that experience with video games is related to better surgical skills. Also, a reason given by the experts as to why fighter pilots of today are more skillful is that the generations pilots are being weaned on video games. Sometimes the player does this almost every second of the game giving the brain real workout. According to researchers at the University of Rochester, led by Daphne Bavelier, a cognitive scientist, games simulating stressful events such as those found in battle or action games could be a training tool for real-world situations. The study suggests that playing action video games primes the brain to make quick decisions. Video games can be used to train soldiers and surgeons, according to the study. It can test your hypothesis and Inductive reasoning based to James Paul Gee, Professor of education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, he said that playing video games is similar to working through a science problem. Like students in a laboratory, gamers must come up with the hypothesis. For example, players in some games constantly try out combinations of weapons and powers to use to defeat an enemy. If one does not work, they change hypothesis and try the next one. Video games are goal-driven experiences, says Gee, which are fundamental to learning. Simulation, real world skills. The most well known simulations are flight simulators, which attempt to mimic the reality of flying a plane. All the controls, including airspeed, wing angles, altimeter, and so on, are displayed for the player, as well as a visual representation of the world, and are updated in real time. Video games introduce your kid to computer technology and the online world. You should recognize that we are now living in a high-tech, sophisticated world. Video games make your kid adapt and be comfortable with the concepts of computing. This is particularly important for girls who typically are not interested in high technology as much as boys. Video games allow you and your kid to play together and can be a good bonding activity. Some games are attractive to kids as well as adults, and they could be something that they share in common. When your child knows more than you, he can teach you how to play and this allows you to understand your childs skills and talents. Finally, and this is controversial, violent video games may act as a release of pent-up aggression and frustration of your kid. When your kid vents his frustration and anger in his game, this diffuses his stress. Games can provide a positive aggression outlet the same way as football and other violent sports. Video games also can teach important skills or address serious issues, Organizations such as Games for Change promote the use of games for education and social action, and often involve kids in the creation of games they can use to express themselves on important issues and current events. Some medical professionals, such as Doctor Kourosh Dini, also feel that age appropriate multi-player video games can allow children to learn how other people think. A key aspect of empathy. Games can also help a child become more comfortable with new and ever progressing technology. Recent studies have shown that video games can have a positive or negative effect on how players behave. Depending on the content. Pro social games can increase empathy, co-operation, helping and emotional awareness, while violent games can diminish these traits. Video games are not all violent, but most of them are, and many of them are pretty gruesome. It has been estimated that up to 89% of games contain some violent content. People are concerned that violent games might be causing young people to become violent and there is some evidence to support this. Studies have shown that violent games can increase physiological arousal, increase aggressiveness thoughts and emotions, increase aggressive behavior, and reduce helping behavior (where people become less likely to help other). These effects seem to be stronger in young people who already tend to be aggressive. It has been argued that more hostile or aggressive young people will be attracted to violent games, and that it is not the games causing the problem. However, even taking into account the persons hostility, it is clear that exposure to violent games causes increased aggressive behavior (as indicated by things like the degree to which they get into physical fights or argue with teachers). Desensitization to violence has been suggested as part of the problem. Desensitization is when someone gradually begins to feel that violence is normal. When games reward players for doing violent actions, it is easy to see how this could happen. For most teens, playing video games is just another recreational activity they enjoy with friends. The concern is when video game playing becomes an addictive or isolating activity. According to a Harris Interactive poll released in January of 2007, 23% of gamers surveyed reported that they felt addicted to video games. Some teens are heavy users of only role-playing games (RPGs) such as World of Warcraft and multiplayer games such as Call of Duty in which they interact with other players in real time. Students will often neglect schoolwork and other aspects of their daily lives when they become immersed in these games. While it remains unclear whether this can be termed an addiction, the American Medical Association has identified video game overuse as a behavior, and may include it in a future edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Children who are heavy users of video games may also be getting less exercise and develop poor eating habits. Make sure that your teen is getting outside and not snacking too much on unhealthy foods while gaming. If you are concerned about the amount of your time your teen is spending on video games, keep in mind that it is normal for young people to throw themselves enthusiastically into hobbies. Consider the effect your teens gaming is having on his or her life. People can become addicted to games. Young gamers have shown similar symptoms to people who have drug or alcohol dependence. An ability to stop playing, and withdrawal symptoms (anxiety, agitation) if they go without access to their gaming fix. Gamers also report that they play games to escape things like family or personal problems. In a similar way to people who use drugs or alcohol to escape their problems. There have been reports of adults that play so much they neglect their families. There are even support groups for family members of people with an addiction to one game in particular. Computer gaming is much maligned at times for the level of violence in some games and for the amount of time that is claims that could be put to more productive uses. Some advantages of gaming are that it has educational applications, increase visual processing of information and teaches problem solving skills. Violence in games has an unquestionable negative effect on players, making them more likely to be violent themselves, according to Craig Anderson of the American Psychological Association. He points out that experiments in the lab and in the field, and longitudinal and cross-sectional studies have all shown this to be true. The interactive nature of the games makes them more influential in teaching violence that more passive media like television or books. Time spent in front of the computer has increased fir kids 8 to 18, and media use now stands at an average of 7.5 hours per day, taking into account computers, televisions and other media, as reported in a study by the Kaiser Foundation. Much of the time is spent multitasking or combining TV and video games, for example. Half surveyed said they had a computer game console of their own on their room. In addition time spent reading has decreased. Games have educational uses, for example, teaching economic skills like negotiating and purchasing strategies, and are used in college level economics courses to do so. For example, many games allow players to accumulate points or money and then purchase things that will advance their interest in the game. These features simulate markets, and in fact can become commodities outside the game. Gaming teaches problem solving skills. Players are given a set of rules to follow and must figure out the best strategy for achieving the goals set in the gaming context. If the game has multiple players or teams, the problem solving is done in a social context, which teaches people to communicate and cooperate. Computer game addiction generally refers to an excessive, unhealthy amount of playing computer games. Rather than engaging in the real world, an addicted user devotes the majority of his or her time to gaming. The addicted gamer often isolate him/herself from others, ignores more important responsibilities, and is often obsessed with obtaining higher status/rankings/achievements in his/her favorite computer game. According to the DSM-IV (the current manual for classifying emotional, psychological, and mental disorders), No. Although there have been calls from some mental health professionals and parents to recognize computer game addiction as a real disorder, it has not been granted official diagnostic status. As more research on the effects of excessive gaming is conducted, many believe that it is only a matter of time before computer game addiction is classified as a compulsive behavior similar to gambling addiction. Because there is no official diagnosis of computer game addiction, there is obviously no universally agreed upon list of symptoms. Psychologists and other mental health professionals initially adapted the diagnostic criteria for gambling addiction and used this as a rough assessment tool for computer game addiction. This classification approach is rarely used today and for better or for worse, it is essentially up to the individual researcher or clinician to define the symptoms of computer addiction. Depending on the research methodology and the definition of computer addiction used, estimates range from 2 to 10% of all children who play video games. More accurate and consistent estimates should be possible if formal diagnostic criteria for computer game addiction are introduced. Because computer game addiction is a new development in the world of mental health, treatments are not as well established as those for depression, anxiety, anger, and etc. most interventions take a cognitive-behavioral approach, which involve changing how the addict thinks about the addiction (for example, recognizing cognitive distortions designed to convince the gamer that it is not a problem), and simultaneously changing his/her behaviors (for example, setting strict limits for play, taking care of other responsibilities before gaming, using game blocking software of devices, and etc.) treatment can take a variety of forms including: Individual therapy Individual therapy with a psychologist who specializes in treating computer game addiction or who has experience with addictions in general. Treatment is tailored to the individual player and is based on established psychological principals and interventions. Family therapy Especially if the addicted player is a child or younger teen. Computer game addiction almost always affects other family members, and the chance for recovery is increased if these members are involved in treatment and are working together toward mutually agreed upon goals. Wilderness therapy Wilderness therapy in which the addicted gamer enters an outdoor treatment program focused on survival skills, team building, goal setting, and developing self-confidence. The programs typically last at least thirty days and the participants have absolutely no access to video games and limited access to other technologies. Although somewhat similar to the symptoms of computer game addiction, the negative consequences of excessive gaming are often divided into five main categories: Social Consequences As a computer game addict spends more time gaming, he/she tends to spend less time interacting with others in person. As such, he/she may lack face-to-face human contact, experience isolation and loneliness, and the loss of friends or relationships. Academic/Career Consequences Children and teens that are addicted to computer games very often experience falling grades and decreased academic performance and dedication. Completing homework, studying for tests, and efforts during school become very low priorities. Adults who are addicted to computer games may experience a similar deterioration in work performance, job dedication, and career aspirations. Financial Consequences Adults and teens may spend large amounts of money on new games, expansion pack, micro-transaction, service fees, and computer upgrades. In extreme cases, jobs may be lost due to poor work performance, playing while at work, and frequent absences. Family Consequences Computer game addiction often leads to deterioration in family relationships. Tension and conflict between family members escalates as requests to cut back or stop are ignored. The addicted player may initially deny that a problem exists, try to hide how much he/she plays, and accuse the other of trying to control his/her life. Parents of addicted children may disagree on how to address the problem. Which may lead to frequent arguments and conflicts. Health Consequences Computer game addicts may neglect personal hygiene, have poor sleep habits, give up healthy physical activities, and may make meal decisions based on quick and easy preparation so that gaming is not interrupted rather than dietary needs. Emotional/Psychological Consequences Those addicted to computer games may experience depressed mood, low self-esteem, social anxiety, low frustration tolerance, anger, and feelings of guilt and shame for not being able to control their gaming habits. Of note, it seems likely that difficulties in other areas can cause and be caused by computer game addiction. Is computer game addiction different from video game addiction, online addiction, and Internet Addiction? Yes, because computer game addiction refers to excessively playing games on a PC. Most often these games are of the MMO (Massive Multiplayer Online) or the FPS (First Person Shooter) genre. Competing online with and against other players is a significant factor in what makes these particular genres more addictive than others. Video game addiction refers to excessive play on computer, home consoles, or handheld system. The terms Internet addiction and online addiction are occasionally used to describe computer game addiction, but more appropriately describe excessive web surfing, email checking, instant messaging, Facebook use, or downloading movies, images, or music Do you think it is okay to play computer games? Yes, most people can and do play computer games but in moderation. They play games for casual entertainment, as a way to relax, and to socialize with friends. However, there are those who are far more likely to become addicted to computer games. For these people, certain games (very often Massively Multiplayer Online (MMO)) appear to present a high risk for addiction and may need to be avoided or banned in order to prevent unhealthy gaming habits.

A Bond between Sisters :: Personal Narrative

A Bond between Sisters The kitchen is sweltering, like everywhere else in the house, so the ice melts quickly as I drop it into the pitcher of freshly brewed mint tea. A fly buzzes around my head, and I try not to flinch as I pour five glasses of the light green liquid. One is for dad, who is in the garden picking tomatoes, another for mom who is diligently preparing for tomorrow's birthday party, and one is for my youngest sister Rachel who is running around the neighborhood with her dog. I take a sip from one of the remaining cups and carry the last to my other sister, Anna. Though I have not heard from her in hours, I know she will be sitting in the same position I last saw her: reclined on the porch chair, feet rested on the railing, and mind deeply lost in her newest science fiction or fantasy novel. "Anna, would you like some tea," I offer as the screen door slams behind me. She doesn't move. "Anna," I try again, this time touching her shoulder with my elbow. She turns her chin towards me, but her eyes continue scanning the page until she has reached an appropriate stopping point. She lifts her slightly glazed, hazel eyes towards mine, unwilling to disengage from the world created by Anthony Piers or Terry Brooks. The corners of her mouth curl upwards, eyes slightly squinting from the bright sunlight, and she reaches out her empty hand, decorated with an intricate henna design, to grasp the sweating glass of tea. My sister and parents have settled on henna as an acceptable form of body art, as opposed to piercings, tattoos, or even hair dye. My sister's artistic talents and desire to decorate herself have been evident since she was little when she longed for the day she could wear the makeup that mom donned every Sunday. One morning, my sister's desire and daring five-year-old spirit got the better of her, and she snuck a tube of bright red lipstick to church. Our mother was mortified, but most of the congregation thought it amusing to see Anna's crimson lips. Anna's artistic side has manifested itself in many other ways. She carried a sketchbook, making drawings of the various churches we visited, our family, or the creatures in her imagination. In her late elementary school years, Anna discovered the joy of using beads to make jewelry.

History of Shakespeare :: Essays Papers

History of Shakespeare William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564 in Stratford-on-Avon, England. His father, John Shakespeare, was a glover. He was very successful and well respected in society, as a mayor, town council man, and justice of peace. Mary Arden, Shakespeare's mother, was from a wealthy family and with John Shakespeare, they had eight children. Shakespeare went to Stratford Grammar School where he studied the Greek and Latin, and grew to love to read. It is said that his formal education ended here. On November 27, 1582, Shakespeare married Ann Hathaway who was twenty-eight years old. They had their first daughter, Susanna, on May 26, 1583 and after two years they had a twins, Judith and Hamnet. Hamnet died at the age of eleven in 1596. There are no written documents or evidence of Shakespeare between the years 1585-1592. In 1593, after establishing himself as an actor and play writer, Shakespeare with the help of his friend, Henry Wriothsley who sponsored him, wrote two long poems. His first poem, "Venus and Adonius", was written in 1593 . Then in 1594, he wrote his second long poem, "Rape of Lucrece". During that year the theatres in London opened up again after the plague. Shakespeare began to work for the "Lord Chamberlain's Men" company who later became known as "The King's Men" in 1603 after King James took over. This company became the largest and most famous acting company in London, due to Shakespeare's plays and works. In 1599, "The Globe" theatre was built, a many of Shakespeare's plays were performed there, and soon other theatres followed such as "The Curtain" and "The Rose" theatres. As an actor, director, writer, and stockholder in his acting company, Shakespeare soon became a very wealthy man. In 1597, Shakespeare brought "New Place", which was a very large house for his family to live in. In 1611, Shakespeare left London and retired. On March 25, 1616, Shakespeare made a will and he died on April 23, 1616 at the age of fifty-two.

The Facade of Tattoos Essay examples -- essays research papers

The Facade of Tattoos In "Parker's Back" by Flannery O'Connor, the tattoos O.E. Parker receives are crucial to the reader’s understanding of him. Furthermore, O'Connor suggests them as major symbols throughout Parker's life. Parker, the main character in this story, goes through the actions of life without really knowing who he is and why he is on the earth. â€Å"Parker gradually experiences religious conversion and, though tattooed all over the front of his body, is drawn to having a Byzantine tattoo of Christ placed on his back†¦, O’Connor was using unusual symbols to convey her sense of the mystery of God’s redemptive power (Shackelford, p 1800).† Because of the tattoos, the reader is able to see O'Connor reveal the major characteristics in Parker's life and sympathize with this man as he searches for his identity and finds God. First of all, in order to understand O’Connor’s short story, the reader must look into the background of her life. â€Å"Parker’s Back† was the last story written by O’Connor before she died at the early age of thirty-nine from the disease of Lupus. Her writings all reflect from her religious background of Catholicism. â€Å"O’Connor wrote brilliant stories that brought the issue of religious faith into clear dramatic focus. She was a devout Roman Catholic living in predominantly Protestant rural Georgia. Her stories are far from pious; in fact, their mode is usually shocking and often bizarre. Yet the religious issues they raise are central to her work (Drake, online vertical file--------------------------------).† â€Å"Time and again in her stories, the spokesmen for a self-satisfied secularism run afoul of representatives of... the God-haunted protagonists†¦they play an indispensable role†¦they act as spiritual cata lysts†¦(CLC, p276†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.).† â€Å"To even the casual reader it would appear that Miss O’Connor really had only one story to tell and really only one main character. This principal character is, of course, Jesus Christ; and her one story is man’s absolutely crucial encounter with Him (Drake, p273).† Being a devout Catholic, O’Connor’s â€Å"faith consciously informed her fiction. The difficulty of her work, she explained†¦is that many of her readers do not understand the redemptive quality of ‘grace,’ and, she added, ‘don’t recognize it when they see it. All my stories are... ... this image O’Connor graphically conveys the suffering of Christ incarnate in humanity, and expresses her belief that convergence with Christ means union with Christ’s suffering, not escape from suffering into some abstract realm of spiritual bliss†¦emphasizing that the rising in consciousness that precedes true convergence is expressed not through external power or dominance over others but, paradoxically, in a descent into vulnerability, into suffering, into weakness, into man’s essential poverty (CLC p 159).† It is in this last scene that the reader becomes sympathetic with Obadiah Elihue, having been driven out of the house by his harridan wife, â€Å"leaning against the tree, crying like a baby.† Through the descriptions of Parker's tattoos, one can make connections between the "pictures" he has "drawn all over him" and what goes on in his actual life. O'Connor uses the tattoo symbols to reveal the growth of the protagonist, for it takes him years to get past his outer image of his body, to examine his own soul. One begins to sympathize with this man, "Obadiah Elihue," as he searches for himself and finds peace with God.

“Praise Song for My Mother” Grace Nichols and “Harmonium” Simon Armitage Essay

Nichols has written a personal love poem to her mother which expresses a deep respect and admiration for her. In Armitages poem however, the tone is very different as the poet reflects upon the lack of communication between him and his father and recalls a moment when an opportunity to speak about the serious subject of death was missed. Although both poems are modern, they have quite different structures. Nichols poem uses a simple three line stanza which she repeats until the end of the poem. Each stanza begins with You were, this adds a tone of gentle sadness to the poem as she is looking back now that her childhood is gone. This repetition also helps to make the poem feel more like a song. Nichols uses repetition again when she describes her mother as replenishing replenishing here she is emphasising just how much and how often her mother gave to her, not just food, but also things such as protection as in the flame trees spread. Armitage also uses repetition when he is describin g how the instrument has become worn out through use, and leather-soled shoes, had pedalled and pedalled. The final stanza of Nichols poem is a single line and this makes the message at the end of the poem stand out. Go to your wider futures, you said it feels like it is the last thing her mother said to her as a child and the poem ends with her parting from her mother. The structure of Armitages poem is less regular. Although he uses stanzas, they are different lengths and the constant use of enjambment gives the poem a natural, conversational feel. The use of colloquial language such as bundles off to the skip adds to this very natural, everyday tone of the poem. In both poems we are presented with adults looking back on their relationship with a parent. Both poems are autobiographical and this helps to make the poems feel more personal. Nichols writes in a positive tone about her mother describing her metaphorically as water. By doing this she is suggesting that her mother was essential and even implying that she gave her life. By describing her as fathoming this implies that she knew her mother could work her out, get inside her mind and know her completely. She also describes her metaphorically as moons eye to me. The image this creates is of her mother  watching over her, as the moon at night watches over the world. It is a comforting image as night time for children especially can be a frightening time. Nichols is clearly expressing a deep love and respect for her mother, whereas in Armitages poem we are presented more with a tone of regret and distance between child and parent. He too thinks of his parent metaphorically. The Farrand Chapelette is personified and we are led to make a connection between this aged and worn instrument and his father. It has lost its tongue and its keys are described as yellowed†¦fingernails. The instrument, like his father, has come near to the end of its life and his father makes the comment that he is near to death. He makes the comment that the next box Armitage will take from the church will carry the dead weight of his father. At this point we are presented with the tone of regret in the poem as Armitage remembers saying some shallow or sorry phrase and not actually talking to his father about such a real and serious matter. The poem ends on this sad tone and although there is a sense of sadness at the end of Nichols poem, her sadness is actually about understanding how well her mother prepared her for life, whilst Armitages sadness is to do with the lack of communication between him and his father. It is also noticeable that he describes his father in quite negative terms compared to the way Nichols describes her mother. For Armitage his father is in his own blue cloud of tobacco smoke, suggesting in itself a kind of separation between the two as he cant even see his father clearly. Also, by the indirect comparison to a worn out instrument, it suggests Armitage perhaps doesnt feel the glowing respect for his parent that Nichols does. Perhaps it is more typical for a daughter to be closer to her mother than a son is to his father this is one difference the two poems presents to us. In conclusion, both poems present us with very different ideas about the feelings between parents and their children. Nichols poem is very much a love poem to her mother, full of admiration and thanks, whereas Armitages poem captures the pain and sadness of a son who does not feel able to communicate with his father.

Business Leader Essay

Business leaders have the ability to create opportunities, build products and systems, and inspire others to action. Please describe a time you created an opportunity, built a new product or system, or inspired others to act. The example you provide and elaborate upon may come from your professional endeavors, academic pursuits or civic engagements. I had my first taste of business activity when I just finished my high school. In that summer break, I was invited by three best friends to run a small business with a night market stall in a college zone nearby. We were so excited to take a tiny adventure independently as young adults. In the first several days, we tried our best with zealous cries of selling and lavish hospitality. However, due to the bleak business, the team was overcome by big frustration when we burned out our impulsive passion. Honestly speaking, the idea of giving up kept running in our mind. When the team sat down and started to talk about how to finish this littl e adventure properly, the sadness on our faces suddenly triggered my fighting spirit. As a future freshman at business school in xxx University, I didn’t feel resigned to terminate my first business trial without any hard effort yet. Meanwhile, I felt responsible for cheering them up as a good friend. Thus, I made a proposal and convinced them to have another try together. Firstly, we called off our regular attendance as venders, and took field observation for several days instead. We went to the night market respectively and talked to different venders every evening. Through communication with various venders, we learned some practical knowledge and skills, and further figured out our weaknesses and relevant solutions. Secondly, after taking personal conversations with some college students about their demands, I found out that our goods couldn’t meet their needs. Therefore, I optimized our purchase list and volunteered myself to take the duty of purchasing new goods. After several days of teamwork, we surprisingly noticed that our team spirit, confidence and passion had been revitalized, and restarted our business. As a result, our business began to make profit gradually. A month later, we not only sold out all of our goods, but also made a good profit, which was much mor e than our previous loss. Although it was a tiny business trial for about a month, I valued it as an opening show of my personal business world.

Donahoo Western Furnishing Company Essay

1. What did Donahoo’s balance sheet look like at the outset of the firm’s life? According to the text, at the start of the business, all of the firm’s capital was held in cash. This is represented by the $1,500,000 in cash current assets, which we can see are comprised of a $500,000 long-term loan and $1,000,000 in equity. 2. What did the firm’s balance sheet look like after each transaction? In the following balance sheet, we see that cash has been reduced by $500,000 that went towards the new $1,000,000 in inventory. The remaining $500,000 was financed by a short-term payable. In the next balance sheet, we can see that inventory decreased by $200,000 but that accounts payable increased by $250,000. Thus, retained earnings increased by $50,000. On Jan. 15, Donahoo increased inventory by $200,000 adding this value to short-term liabilities: Here, we see inventory decrease $400,000 but other current assets increased $500,000 (with $50,000 going in to cash and $450,000 into A/R). Rather than moving the $100,000 to retained earnings, the company used $100,000 in cash to pay a dividend. The company then took an additional $250,000 from cash and paid down long-term debt: 3. Ignoring taxes, determine how much income Donahoo earned during January. Prepare an income statement for the month. Recognize an interest expense of 1 percent for the month (12 percent annually) on the $500,000 long-term debt, which has not been paid but is owed. Unfortunately, the data that is provided does not include the operating expenses for January 2011 for the Donahoo Western Furnishings Company. Therefore, we can see what the Net Profit is before Operating Expenses. That is, this number is overstated and would likely be dramatically reduced once Operating Expenses were included. The graph on the right represents an illustration of what the furniture company’s real next income might be (i.e. operating income was estimated, incorporating rent, utilities, salaries, etc.).

Ooad Lab Manual

Ex. no: 1 STUDY OF UML DIAGRAMS Date: UML DIAGRAMS There are three classifications of UML diagrams: †¢ Behavior diagrams. A type of diagram that depicts behavioral features of a system or business process. This includes activity, state machine, and use case diagrams as well as the four interaction diagrams. †¢ Interaction diagrams. A subset of behavior diagrams which emphasize object interactions. This includes communication, interaction overview, sequence, and timing diagrams. †¢ Structure diagrams. A type of diagram that depicts the elements of a specification that are irrespective of time. This includes class, composite structure, component, deployment, object, and package diagrams. |Diagram |Description |Learning Priority | |Activity Diagram |Depicts high-level business processes, including data flow, or to model the |High | | |logic of complex logic within a system. | |Class Diagram |Shows a collection of static model elements such as classes and types, their |High | | |contents, and their relationships. | | |Communication Diagram |Shows instances of classes, their interrelationships, and the message flow |Low | | |between them. Communication diagrams typically focus on the structural | | | |organization of objects that send and receive messages. Formerly called a | | | |Collaboration Diagram. | | |Component Diagram |Depicts the components that compose and application, system, or enterprise. |Medium | | |The components, their interrelationships, interactions, and their public | | | |interfaces are depicted. | |Composite Structure Diagram |Depicts the internal structure of a classifier(such as a class, component, or|Low | | |use case), including the interaction points of the classifier to other parts | | | |of the system. | | |Deployment Diagram |Shows the execution architecture of systems. This includes nodes, either |Medium | | |hardware or software execution environments, as well as the middleware | | | |connecting them. | | |Interaction Overview Diagram |A variant of an activity diagram which overviews the control flow within a |Low | | |system or business process. Each node/activity within the diagram can | | | |represent another interaction diagram. | |Object Diagram |Depicts objects and their relationships at a point in time, typically a |Low | | |special case of either a class diagram or a communication diagram. | | |Package Diagram |Show how model elements are organized into packages as well as the |Low | | |dependencies between packages. | |Sequence Diagram |Models the sequential logic, in effect the time ordering of messages between |High | | |classifiers. | | |State Machine Diagram |Describes the states an object or interaction may be in, as well as the |Medium | | |transitions between states. Formerly referred to as a state diagram, state | | | |chart diagr am, or a state-transition diagram. | |Timing Diagram |Depicts the change in state or condition of a classifier instance or role |Low | | |over time. Typically used to show the change in state of an object over time | | | |in response to external events. | | |Use Case Diagram |Shows use cases, actors, and their interrelationships. |Medium | USE CASE DIAGRAM: A use case diagram is a type of behavioral diagram defined by the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Its purpose is to present a graphical overview of the functionality provided by a system in terms of actors, their goals- represented as use cases- and any dependencies between those use cases. Use case diagram depict: †¢ Use cases. A use case describes a sequence of actions that provide something of measurable value to an actor and is drawn as a horizontal ellipse. †¢ Actors. An actor is a person, organization, or external system that plays a role in one or more interactions with your system. Actors are drawn as stick figures. †¢ Associations. Associations between actors and use cases are indicated in use case diagrams by solid lines. An association exists whenever an actor is involved with an interaction described by a use case. Associations are modeled as lines connecting use cases and actors to one another, with an optional arrowhead on one end of the line. The arrowhead is often used to indicating the direction of the initial invocation of the relationship or to indicate the primary actor within the use case. The arrowheads are typically confused with data flow and as a result I avoid their use. System boundary boxes (optional). You can draw a rectangle around the use cases, called the system boundary box, to indicate the scope of your system. Anything within the box represents functionality that is in scope and anything outside the box is not. System boundary boxes are rarely used, although on occasion I have used them to identify which use cases will be delivered in each major release of a system. †¢ Packages (o ptional). Packages are UML constructs that enable you to organize model elements (such as use cases) into groups. Packages are depicted as file folders and can be used on any of the UML diagrams, including both use case diagrams and class diagrams. I use packages only when my diagrams become unwieldy, which generally implies they cannot be printed on a single page, to organize a large diagram into smaller ones. [pic] RELATIONSHIPS IN USE CASE DIAGRAM: Three relationships among use cases are supported by the UML standard, which describes graphical notation for these relationships. Include In one form of interaction, a given use case may include another. The first use case often depends on the outcome of the included use case. This is useful for extracting truly common behaviors from multiple use cases into a single description. The notation is a dashed arrow from the including to the included use case, with the label â€Å"†. This usage resembles a macro expansion where the included use case behavior is placed inline in the base use case behavior. There are no parameters or return values. Extend In another form of interaction, a given use case, (the extension) may extend another. This relationship indicates that the behavior of the extension use case may be inserted in the extended use case under some conditions. The notation is a dashed arrow from the extension to the extended use case, with the label . This can be useful for dealing with special cases, or in accommodating new requirements during system maintenance and extension. To make the points at which extension may occur explicit extension points may be defined in use cases which are listed in a compartment below the use case name. Generalization In the third form of relationship among use cases, a generalization/ specialization relationship exists. A given use case may be specialized form of an existing use case. The notation is a solid line ending in a hollow triangle drawn from the specialized to the more general use case. This resembles the object-oriented concept of sub-classing, in practice it can be both useful and effective to factor common behaviors, constraints and assumptions to the general use case, describe them once, and deal same as except details in the specialized cases. SEQUENCE DIAGRAM: The well-known Message Sequence Chart technique has been incorporated into the Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagram under the name of Sequence Diagram. A sequence diagram shows, as parallel vertical lines, different processes or objects that live simultaneously, and, as horizontal arrows, the messages exchanged between them, in the order in which they occur. This allows the specification of simple runtime scenarios in a graphical manner. Sequence diagrams are typically used to model: 1. Usage scenarios. A usage scenario is a description of a potential way your system is used. The logic of a usage scenario may be part of a use case, perhaps an alternate course. It may also be one entire pass through use case, such as the logic described by the basic course of action or a portion of the basic course of action, plus one or more alternate scenarios. The logic of a usage scenario may also be a pass through the logic contained in several use cases. For example, a student enrolls in the university, and then immediately enrolls in three seminars. 2. The logic of methods. Sequence diagrams can be used to explore the logic of a complex operation, function, or procedure. One way to think of sequence diagrams, particularly highly detailed diagrams, is a visual object code. 3. The logic of services. A service is effectively a high-level method, often one that can be invoked by a wide variety of clients. This includes web-services as well as business transactions implemented by a variety of technologies such as CICS/COBOL or CORBA-compliant object request brokers (ORBs). [pic] ACTIVITY DIAGRAM: In the Unified Modeling Language, an activity diagram represents the business and operational step-by-step workflows of components in a system. An activity diagram shows the overall flow of control. Describing the basic notations: †¢ Initial node. The filled in circle is the starting point of the diagram. An initial node isn’t required although it does make it significantly easier to read the diagram. †¢ Activity final node. The filled circle with a border is the ending point. An activity diagram can have zero or more activity final nodes. †¢ Activity. The rounded rectangles represent activities that occur. An activity may be physical, such as Inspect Forms, or electronic, such as Display Create Student Screen. †¢ Flow/edge. The arrows on the diagram. Although there is a subtle difference between flows and edges I have never seen a practical purpose for the difference although I have no doubt one exists. I’ll use the term flow. Fork. A black bar with one flow going into it and several leaving it. This denotes the beginning of parallel activity. †¢ Join. A black bar with several flows entering it and one leaving it. All flows going into the join must reach it before processing may continue. This denotes the end of parallel processing. †¢ Condition . Text such as [Incorrect Form] on a flow, defining a guard which must evaluate to true in traverse the node. †¢ Decision. A diamond with one flow entering and several leaving. The flows leaving include conditions although some modelers will not indicate the conditions if it is obvious. Merge. A diamond with several flows entering and one leaving. The implication is that one or more incoming flows much reach this point until processing continues, based on any guards on the outgoing flow. †¢ Partition. Activity Diagram is organized into many partitions, also called swim lanes, indicating who/what is performing the activities (the Applicant, Registrar, or System). †¢ Sub-activity indicator. The rake in the bottom corner of an activity, such as in the Apply to University activity, indicates that the activity is described by a more finely detailed activity diagram. †¢ Flow final. The circle with the X through it. This indicates that the process stops at this point. [pic] CLASS DIAGRAM: In the Unified Modeling Language (UML), a class diagram is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system’s classes, their attributes, and the relationships between the classes. Relationships A relationship is general term covering the specific types of logical connections found on class and object diagrams. UML shows the following relationships: †¢ Instance-Level Relationships o Link A Link is the basic relationship among objects. It is represented as a line connecting two or more object boxes. It can be shown on an object diagram or class diagram. A link is an instance or an association. o Association An Association represents a family of links. Binary associations (with two ends) are normally represented as a line, with each end connected to a class box. Higher order associations can be drawn with more than two ends. In such cases, the ends are connected to a central diamond. An association can be named, and the ends of an association can be adorned with role names, ownership indicators, multiplicity, visibility, and other properties. There are five different types of association. Bi-directional and uni-directional associations are the most common ones. For instance, a flight class is associated with a plane class bi-directionally. Associations can only be shown on class diagrams. o Aggregation Class diagram showing Aggregation between two classes Aggregation is a variant of the â€Å"has a† or association relationship; composition is more specific than aggregation. As a type of association, an aggregation can be named and have the same adornments that an association can. However, an aggregation may not involve more than two classes. Aggregation can occur when a class is a collection or container of other classes, but where the contained classes do not have a strong life cycle dependency on the container—essentially, if the container is destroyed, its contents are not. In UML, it is graphically represented as a clear diamond shape on the containing class end of the tree of lines that connect contained class(es) to the containing class. o Composition Composition is a stronger variant of the â€Å"has a† or association relationship; composition is more specific than aggregation. Composition has a strong life cycle dependency between instances of the container class and instances of the contained class(es): If the container is destroyed, every instance that it contains is destroyed as well. The UML graphical representation of a composition relationship is a filled diamond shape on the containing class end of the tree of lines that connect contained class(es) to the containing class. o Differences between Composition and Aggregation The whole of a composition must have a multiplicity of 0.. 1 or 1, indicating that a part must be for only one whole. The whole of an aggregation may have any multiplicity. When attempting to represent real-world whole-part relationships, e. g. , an engine is part of a car, the composition relationship is most appropriate. However, when representing a software or database relationship, e. g. , car model engine ENG01 is part of a car model CM01, an aggregation relationship is best, as the engine, ENG01 may be also part of a different car model, CM02. This is often called a â€Å"catalog† relationship. †¢ Class Level Relationships o Generalization Class diagram showing generalization between one super class and two subclasses The generalization relationship indicates that one of the two related classes (the subtype) is considered to be a specialized form of the other (the supertype) and supertype is considered as GENERALIZATION of subtype. In practice, this means that any instance of the subtype is also an instance of the supertype. The relationship is most easily understood by the phrase ‘A is a B’. The UML graphical representation of a Generalization is a hollow triangle shape on the supertype end of the line (or tree of lines) that connects it to one or more subtypes. The generalized relationship is also known as the inheritance or â€Å"is aâ€Å" relationship. The supertype in the generalization relationship is also known as the â€Å"parent†, super class, base class, or base type. The subtype in the generalization relationship is also known as the â€Å"child’, subclass, derived class, derived type, inheriting class, or inheriting type. †¢ Generalization-Specialization relationship A is a type of B E. g. †an oak is a type of tree†, â€Å"a sedan is a type of vehicle† o Realization In UML modeling, a realization relationship is relationship between model elements, in which one model element (the client) realizes the behavior that the other model element (the supplier) specifies. A realization is displayed in the diagram editor as a dashed line with an unfilled arrowhead towards the supplier. †¢ General Relationship o Dependency(UML) A dependency exists between two defined elements if a change to the definition of one would result in a change to the other. This is indicated by a dashed pointing from the dependent to the independent element. Several named varieties exist. A dependency can be between instances, class, or both. †¢ Multiplicity The association relationship indicates that (at least) one of the two related classes makes reference to the other. In contrast with the generalization relationship, this is most easily understood through the phrase ‘A has a B’{a mother cat has kittens, kittens have a mother cat}. The UML representation of an association is a line with an optional arrowhead indicating the role of the object(s) in the relationship, and an optional notation at each end indicating the multiplicity of instances of that entity ( the number of objects that participate in the association). Common multiplicities are: Indicator Meaning 0.. No instances, or one instance(optional, may) 1 Exactly one instance 0.. * or * Zero or more instances 1.. * One or more instances(at least one) n Exactly n instances(n>1) 0.. n Zero or n instances(n>1) 1.. n One or n instances(n>1) [pic] COMPONENT DIAGRAM: In the Unified Modeling Language, a component diagram depicts how a software system is split up into physical components and shows the dependencies among these components. Physical components could be, for example, files, header, link libraries, modules, executables, or packages. Component diagrams can be used to model and document any system’s architecture. Component diagrams are particularly useful with larger teams. Your initial architectural modeling efforts during cycle 0 should focus on identifying the initial architectural landscape for your system. UML component diagrams are great for doing this as they enable you to model the high-level software components, and more importantly the interfaces to those components. Once the interfaces are defined, and agreed to by your team, it makes it much easier to organize the development effort between sub teams. You will discover the need to evolve the interfaces to reflect new requirements or changes to your design as your project progresses, changes that need to be negotiated between the sub teams and then implemented appropriately. [pic] INTRODUCTION TO RATIONAL ROSE Rational rose Rational Rose is an object-oriented Unified Modeling Language(UML) software design tool intended for visual modeling and component construction of enterprise-level software applications. In much the same way a theatrical director blocks out a play, a software designer uses Rational rose to visually create(model) the framework for an application by blocking out classes with actors(stick figures), use case elements(ovals), objects(rectangles) and messages/relationships(arrows) in a sequence diagram using drag-and-drop symbols. Rational Rose documents the diagram as it is being constructed and then generates code in the designer’s choice of C++, Visual Basic, Java, Oracle8,CORBA or Data Definition Language. Two popular features of Rational Rose are its ability to provide iterative development and round-trip engineering. Rational Rose allows designers to take advantage of iterative development(sometimes called evolutionary development) because the new application can be created in stages with the output of one iteration becoming the input to the next. (This is in contrast to waterfall development where the whole project is completed from start to finish before a user gets to try it out. ) Then, as the developer begins to understand how the components interact and makes modifications in the design, Rational Rose can perform what is called â€Å"round-trip engineering† by going back and updating the rest of the model to ensure the code remains consistent. Rational rose is extensible, with downloadable add-ins and third-party applications. It supports COM/DCOM(ActiveX), JavaBeans, and Corba component standards. Views in UML/Rational Rose There are four views for a model created in Rational Rose, each representing the system from a different point of view. The Use Case View The use case view contains the diagrams used in analysis(use case, sequence, and collaboration), and all the elements that compromise these diagrams(e. g. , actors). More recent versions of Rational Rose also allow for additional documentation in the form of word-processed documents and/or URLs to Web-based materials. The purpose of the use case view is to envisage what the system must do, without dealing with the specifics of how it will be implemented. Logical View The logical view contains the diagrams used in object design(class diagrams and state transition diagrams). It offers a detailed view of how the system envisaged in the use case view will be implemented. The basic element in this view is the class, which includes an outline of its attributes and operations. This directly corresponds to a class created in your chosen implementation language. From the logical view, skeletal code can be generated for implementation into a computer language. More recent versions of Rational Rose not only can generate skeletal code for Visual C++, Visual Java, or Visual BASIC, but also reverse engineer programs created in these languages into Rational Rose models. This allows existing components to be included in documented models, if there is access to the source code. In addition, changes that need to be made during implementation can be reflected in the documentation of the design model. Component View The component view is a step up from the logical view and contains diagrams used in system design(component diagrams). This includes information about the code libraries, executable programs, runtime libraries, and other software components that comprise the completed systems. Components can be pre-existing; for example, a Windows program in Visual C++ will utilize Microsoft Foundation Class to provide the framework for the Windows interface. Components that do not exist and need to be created by the developers will have to be designed in the logical view. Deployment View The deployment view illustrates how the completed system will be physically deployed. This view is necessary for complex applications in which a system will have different components located on different machines. For example, interface components may be located on a user machine while other components may be located on a network server. INTRODUCTION TO VISUAL BASIC Visual Basic (VB) is an event driven programming language and associated development environment from Microsoft for its COM programming model. Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development(RAD) of graphical user interface(GUI) applications, access to databases using DAO, RDO, or ADO, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. Scripting languages such as VBA and VBScript are syntactically similar to Visual Basic, but perform differently. A programmer can put together an application using the components provided with Visual Basic itself. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows API, but doing so requires external function declarations. LANGUAGE BASICS: Visual Basic was designed to be easy to learn and use. The language not only allows programmers to create simple GUI applications, but can also develop fairly complex applications as well. Programming in VB is a combination of visually arranging components or controls on a form, specifying attributes and actions of those components, and writing additional lines of code for more functionality. Since default attributes and actions are defined for the components, a simple program can be created without the programmer having to write many lines of code. Performance problems were experienced by earlier versions, but with faster computers and native code compilation this has become less of an issue. Forms are created using drag and drop techniques. A tool is used to place controls (e. g. , text boxes, buttons, etc. ) on the form (window). Controls have attributes and event handlers associated with them. Default values are provided when the control is created, but may be changed by the programmer. Many attribute values can be modified during run time based on user actions or changes in the environment, providing a dynamic application. For example, code can be inserted into the form resize event handler to reposition a control so that it remains centered on the form, expands to fill up the form, etc. By inserting code into the event handler for a keypress in a text box, the program can automatically translate the case of the text being entered, or even prevent certain characters from being inserted. Unlike many other programming languages, Visual Basic is generally not case sensitive, although it will transform keywords into a standard case configuration and force the case of variable names to conform to the case of the entry within the symbol table entry. String comparisons are case sensitive by the default, but can be made case insensitive if so desired. The Visual Basic compiler is shared with other Visual Studio languages(C, C++), but restrictions in the IDE do not allow the creation of some targets (Windows model DLL’s) and threading models. Result: Thus the UML diagrams and introduction to Visual Basic was studied. PASSPORT AUTOMATION SYSTEM Ex. No: 2. a Date: Aim: To Study the software requirements specification for passport automation system. Problem Statement Passport Automation System is used in the effective dispatch of passport to all of the applicants. This system adopts a comprehensive approach to minimize the manual work and schedule resources, time in a cogent manner. The core of the system is to get the online registration form (with details such as name, address etc. ,)   filled by the applicant whose testament is verified for its genuineness by the Passport Automation System with respect to the already existing information in the database. This forms the first and foremost step in the processing of passport application. After the first round of verification done by the system, the information is in turn forwarded to the regional administrator's (Ministry of External Affairs) office. The application is then processed manually based on the report given by the system, and any forfeiting identified can make the applicant liable to penalty as per the law. The system also provides the applicant the list of available dates for appointment to ‘document verification' in the administrator's office, from which they can select one. The system forwards the necessary details to the police for its separate verification whose report is then presented to the administrator. The administrator will be provided with an option to display the current status of application to the applicant, which they can view in their online interface. After all the necessary criteria has been met, the original information is added to the database and the passport is sent to the applicant. Software Requirements Specification 1. 0 Introduction Passport Automation System is an interface between the Applicant and the Authority responsible for the Issue of Passport. It aims at improving the efficiency in the Issue of Passport and reduce the complexities involved in it to the maximum possible extent. 1. 1 Purpose If the entire process of ‘Issue of Passport' is done in a manual manner then it would take several months for the passport to reach the applicant. Considering the fact that the number of applicants for passport is increasing every year, an Automated System becomes essential to meet the demand. So this system uses several programming and database techniques to elucidate the work involved in this process. As this is a matter of National Security, the system has been carefully verified and validated in order to satisfy it. 1. 2 Scope †¢ The System provides an online interface to the user where they can fill in their personal details and submit the necessary documents (may be by scanning). The authority concerned with the issue of passport can use this system to reduce his workload and process the application in a speedy manner. †¢ Provide a communication platform between the applicant and the administrator. †¢ Transfer of data between the Passport Issuing Authority and the Local Police for verification of applicant's information. †¢ Users/Applicants will come to know their status of application and the date in which they must subject themselves for manual document verification. 1. Definitions, Acronyms and the Abbreviations  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   †¢ Administrator – Refers to the super user who is the Central Authority who has been vested with the privilege to manage the entire system. It can be any higher official in the Regional Passport Office of Ministry of External Affairs. †¢ Applicant – One who wishes to obtain the Passport. †¢ PAS – Refers to this Passport Automation System. †¢ HTML – Markup Language used for creating web pages. †¢ J2EE – Java 2 Enterprise Edition is a programming platform and it is the partof the java platform for developing and running distributed java applications. HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. †¢ TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is the communication protocol used to connect hosts on the Internet. 1. 4 References IEEE Software Requirement Specification format. 1. 5 Technologies to be used †¢ HTML†¢ JSP†¢ Javascript †¢ Java†¢ XML†¢ AJAX 1. 6 Tools to be Used †¢ Eclipse IDE ( Integrated Development Enivronment) †¢ Rational Rose tool ( for developing UML Patterns) 1. 7 Overview SRS includes two sections overall description and specific requirements – Overall description will describe major role of the system components and inter-connections. Specific requirements will describe roles & functions of the actors. 2. 0 Overall Description 2. 1 Product Perspective The PAS acts as an interface between the ‘applicant' and the ‘administrator'. This system tries to make the interface as simple as possible and at the same time not risking the security of data stored in. This minimizes the time duration in which the user receives the passport. 2. 2 Software Interface †¢ Front End Client – The applicant and Administrator online interface is built using JSP and HTML. The Administrators's local interface is built using Java. †¢ Web Server – Glassfish application server(Oracle Corporation). Back End – Oracle database. 2. 3 Hardware Interface The server is directly connected to the client systems. The client systems have access to the database in the server. 2. 4 System Functions †¢ Secure Registration of information by the Applicants. †¢ Schedule the applicants an appointment for manu al verification of original documents. †¢ Panel for Passport Application Status Display by the Administrator. †¢ SMS and Mail updates to the applicants by the administrator. †¢ Administrator can generate reports from the information and is the only authorized personnel to add the eligible application information to the database. . 5 User Characteristics †¢ Applicant – They are the people who desires to obtain the passport and submit the information to the database. †¢ Administrator – He has the certain privileges to add the passport status and to approve the issue of passport. He may contain a group of persons under him to verify   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   the documents and give suggestion whether or not to approve the dispatch of passport. †¢ Police – He is the person who upon receiving intimation from the PAS, perform a personal verification of the applicant and see if he has any criminal case against him before or at present. He has been vetoed with the power to decline an application by suggesting it to the Administrator if he finds any discrepancy with the applicant. He communicates via this PAS. 2. 6   Constraints †¢ The applicants require a computer to submit their information. †¢ Although the security is given high importance, there is always a chance of intrusion in the web world which requires constant monitoring. †¢ The user has to be careful while submitting the information. Much care is required. 2. 7 Use Case Model Description The usecase model is a representation of the interaction between the users and the system. It captures the goals of the users and the responsibility of the system to the users. It is a special flow of events through the system. Grouping of usecases can manages the complexities and reduce the number of usecases in the package. The usecase model describes the uses of the system and show the courses of events that can be performed. A usecase is an interaction between user and system; it captures the goals of the user and the responsibility of the system to its users. It defines what happens in the system when the usecase is performed. 2. 8   Assumptions and Dependencies The Applicants and Administrator must have basic knowledge of computers and English Language. †¢ The applicants may be required to scan the documents and send. Result: Thus the software requirements specification for passport automation system was studied. Gantt Chart for Passport Automation System Ex No : 2. b Date: Aim: To develop a risk management and project plan for passport automation system using Gantt Chart. Introduction: A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule. Gantt charts illustrate the start and finish dates of the terminal elements and summary elements of a project. Terminal elements and summary elements comprise the work breakdown structure of the project. Some Gantt charts also show the dependency (i. e. , precedence network) relationships between activities. Gantt charts can be used to show current schedule status using percent-complete shadings and a vertical â€Å"TODAY† line as shown here. [pic] Passport Automation System For the project, the activities considered are: 1. Requirement Analysis 2. Literature Survey and Specification 3. Preliminary Design 4. Detailed Design 5. Testing 6. Operation and Maintenance [pic] Result: Thus the risk management and project plan for passport automation system was designed using Gantt Chart. EX. NO:2 c DATE: PASSPORT AUTOMATION SYSTEM AIM: To analyze and design a system for Passport Automation using Rational Rose tool. 1. PROBLEM STATEMENT To create a software system for the applicant(s), applying for the passport by verifying the information provided by them. 2. OVERALL DESCRIPTION The modules are for 1. Applicant Applicant has to provide the information like Name, Gender, Age, Qualification, Parents’ Name, Communication address, Phone no, etc. Also, they need to provide the DD details. . Passport Issuing Authority This system will verify the details provided by the applicant. And check whether the applicant is provided with passport or not. The details of the applicant are stored in the Database. 3. Database This will store the details of the applicant for future reference. 2. 1 SOFTWARE REQURIEMENTS 1. Rational Rose 2. 2 HARDWARE REQURIMENTS 1. 128MB RAM 2. Pentium III Processor 3. DESIGN 1. USE CASE DIAGRAM [pic] 3. 2 CLASS DIAGRAM [pic] 3. 2 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM [pic] 3. 3 COLLABORATION DIAGRAM [pic] 3. 4 COMPONENET DIAGRAM [pic] JAVA CODING: Database. java ublic class database { private int applicantDetails; public database() { } public void storeTheDetails() { } public void issueDetailsToAuthortiy() { } } Applicant. java public class APPLICANT { private int firstName; private int surname; private int Sex; private int DOB; private int placeOfBirth; private int district; private int qualification; private int height; private int weight; private int presnetAddress; private int permanentAddress; private int fathersName; private int mothersName; private int emailId; private int phoneNumber; private int DDNO; private int DDDATE; ublic passportIssueAuthority thePassportIssueAuthority; } public APPLICANT() { } PassportIssueAuthority. java public class passportIssueAuthority { private int authorityName; private int authorityId; private int work Place; public APPLICANT theAPPLICANT; public database theDatabase; public passportIssueAuthority() {} public void issuePassport() { } public void verify() { } public void cancellation() { } } RESULT: Thus the UML diagrams for Passport Automation System was analyzed and designed using Rational Rose. EXNO:3 DATE:BOOK BANK 1. OBJECTIVE: a. To implement book bank system online. . To provide the students with the information on books and scheduled times of book rental available. c. To ensure validity and security in the online book bank management system. 2. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT: The book bank system project is a software tool created to help and access the students gather required information about the various books in the institution the project is web based interactive application. Focus is laid solely on the book display,schedule,categories,syllabus and payment as per required. 3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION: USER PERSONAL AND CHARACTERISTICS: The target client for our software are students who lively are interested in rental of books be it either from engineering or medical genre in the institution. They can log into our website and browse the courses which they have aspiration to study. The student must register themselves online,which is free. The booking or reservation of the books is online,the detailed description about their book package and necessary terms and condition norms would be emailed to the students registered email address which he/she may provide during the time of registration. PRODUCT PERSPECTIVE: This product requires a web browser which is capable of playing flash media. †¢ This program will not be dependent on any other software and is not a component of another program. †¢ This program does not require any new hardware. 4. REQUIREMENTS: (a). FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: A functional requirement defines a function of a software system on its component. A function is described as a set of inout ,the behaviour and output. i. A main menu including a brief help section. ii. Login iii. Viewing book details. iv. Displaying details. v. Maintain and update book details. vi. Logout. . REQUIREMENTS: The system should have the requirements of the project. The developer should prepare the requirements of the project. The should prepare the requirements which are need for the software. 2. ANALYSIS: Analyze the requirements whether it provides proper operations/output and performs the task. 3. DESIGN: Project manager should design the layout of the project before going to implement time allocation,cost allocation and staff allocation wil coming under design process. 4. IMPLEMENTATION: After encomposing all the diagrams,we have to generate code for each and every diagrams i. from usecase to deployment. 5. TESTING: Afteer implementing the diagram with domain language,we have to test the particular projects. 6. MAINTAINENCE: The system should be easily updated. The system should utilize t he interchangeable plugins software developed should maintain the cost and time schedule of the project. (b). NON- FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: Nonfunctional requirements define the needs in terms if performance, logical database requirements, design constraints, standard compliance, reliability, availability, security, maintainability and portability. i. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS: Performance requirements define acceptable response times for system functionality. †¢ The total time for user interface screens will take no longer than two seconds. †¢ The login information shall be verified within the seconds. †¢ Queries shall results within five seconds. ii. DESIGN CONSTRAINTS: The software shall be a standard system running in a windows environment. The system shall be developed using rational enterprise suite and oracle 10i database. iii. RELIABILITY: Specify the factors required to establish the required reliability of the software system at time of delivery. iv. AVAILABILITY: The system should have an availability of 99. 99%. v. PORTABILITY: †¢ The system should be extremely via the usb drive. †¢ The system shall be easy to migrate or backed up via another use drive. vi. MAINTAINABILITY: †¢ The system shall utilize interchangeable plugins. †¢ The system shall be easily updateable for fixes and patches. (c). HARDWERE REQUIREMENTS: |1. |Processor |- |Intel Pentium IV-2. 0 GHZ. | |2. |Hardware |- |40 GB. | |3. |RAM |- |512mb | |4. |DVD RAM |- |1 nos. | | | | |(d). SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS: | | | |1. |OS |- |Windows XP/vista. | |2. |Front end Tool |- |Rational Rose Enterprise suite. | |3. |Back end Tool |- |MSAccess | | | | | |5. MODULE DISCRIPTION: | | | In this project we have defined different modules to enable the Book Bank system in successful manner. i. REGISTER: The register module contains the application form or registration form which contains following details. †¢ Name, Address, Contact number, E-mail id, Password etc. ii. LOGIN: The Login module contains the form which contain membership name and member password. It includes Username and Password. iii. SEARCH BOOK: The search book module contain list of books, from this list we search for the book which we need. This also contains another field called as categories where can select the category of the book. iv. DISPLAY DETAILS: Display the details about the students particulars, the payments, the books, rental and schedule times for books etc. v. MAINTAIN BOOK DETAILS: The administrator maintains the details of books. vi. LOGOUT: To sign off from the webpage or your account log off. 6. DOMAIN MODEL: A domain model is a visual representation of conceptual classes or real situations object in a domain. In object oriented analysis, the domain model is the most important. †¢ It illustrates the concept in the domain. †¢ It act as a source of inspiration for designing some software objects. 7. PARTIAL LAYERED ARCHITECTURE: Sequence diagram is an interaction overview diagram. It provides a big picture overview of how a set of interaction are related in terms of logic and process flow. This P artial layer architecture shows the interface of the sequence diagram, here the administrator shows the interface by displaying actor symbol. 8. LOGICAL ARCHITECTURE: The Logical architecture is large scale organization of software class into packages, sub system layer, It is called logical architecture because there is no direction about how these elements are display on different operating system. 9. RISK ACTIVITY: †¢ Personal short falls. †¢ Unrealistic schedules and budgets. †¢ Developing the wrong functions and programs. †¢ Developing the wrong user interface. †¢ Continuing stream of requirements changes. †¢ Short falls in externally furnished component. †¢ Real time performance short falls. †¢ Straining computer science capabilities. RISK ASSESSMENT: Figure out what the risks are and what to focus on. †¢ Making a list of all of the potential dangers that will affect the project. †¢ Assessing the probability of occurrence and potential ross of each item listed. RISK CONTROL: †¢ Monitoring the effectiveness of the strategies and the changing levels of risk throughout the project. †¢ T echniques and strategies to migrate the highest ordered risks. 10. GANTT CHART: It describes the time schedule for the planning to complete the corresponding and after completion of core product, what the time is taken for the project action of core product. 11. POST- FUNCTION AND PRE-FUNCTION: MODULE: Registering PRE-FUNCTION: †¢ Login to the website. †¢ Collection the required documents to be submitted for registration. POST-FUNCTION: †¢ Verification of documents submitted. †¢ Conformation email sent accessing that authentication can be prevailed for the individual. MODULE: Display book details PRE-FUNCTION: Analyze the course of semester of logger. POST-FUNCTION: Display the required book details. 12. UML PACKAGE DIAGRAM: A package diagram provides a way to group element. Here we have grouped the 6 main elements of software project grouped the in order register, login, search book. It goes to update and sales record. A package name may be based on tab if the package shows the member of main package. 13. TECHNICAL SERVICES LAYER: Technical service layer describes the relationship between different actors, components of the software process for any admin seek the registration for new visitor. So that the new visitor can login the website and search for book and if need can buy it. 14. DOMAIN SERVICES LAYER: After technical services layer from partial layered architecture, we are going to generate the coding in java or VB the project domain is now finalized in JAVA/VB. 15. USER INTERFACE LAYER: . ADMIN: The administrator is used to register a new visitor for the website. Admin can keep those records update. Admin keep sales record i. e. , now much book is downloaded and how much book is buyed newly with copy write etc. ii. REGISTERED USER: Registered user can search the book whatever needs and can read the book in online. If user is satisfied with this book, can d ownload the book but after payment. iii. VISITOR: The visitor can register the application form and become a member of the website. The visitor can search books and read the boook but he must register to buy or download the book. UML USECASE DIAGRAM: Uml provides use case diagram notation to iilustrate the names of use case and author relationship between them. Use case diagram and case relationship are secondary in use case work use case text document. UML CLASS DIAGRAM: The Uml class diagram is to illustrate class interfaces as their actions. They are used for static object modeling, we have already introduced and used their uml diagram while domain modeling. UML SEQUENCE DIAGRAM: A sequence diagram illustrate a kind of format in which each object interact via message. It is generalize between two or more specialized diagram. PARTIAL LAYER ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM: Sequence diagram is an interaction overview diagram. It provides a big picture overview of how a set of interaction are related in terms of logic and process flow. This Partial layer architecture shows the interface of the sequence diagram, here the administrator shows the interface by displaying actor symbol UML COLLABRATION DIAGRAM: COLLABRATION diagram illustrate that object interact on a graph or network format in which object can be placed where the diagram. In collaboration diagram the object can be placed in anywhere on the diagram. The collaboration comes from sequence diagram. UML STATE CHART DIAGRAM: A Uml state machine represents the interaction events and states of an object and behavior of an object in reaction to an event.. Transaction shown as allows labeled with their event. It is included with initial pseudo state and fins end state UML ACTIVITY DIAGRAM: A Uml activity diagram shows sequential and parallel activates in a process, work flows, data flows and compiler algorithm. UML COMPONENT DIAGRAM: Components are slightly fuzzy concept in this Uml, because both class and components can be used to model the something. UML DEPLOYEMENT DIAGRAM: Deployment diagram shows the assignment of concrete software artifact to computational nodes. It shows the deployment of software elements to the physical elements. Deployment diagram are useful to communicate or deployment architecture. IMPLEMENTATION: After the completion of UML diagrams for BOOK BANK SYSTEM we should generate the code. Select the tools option from main menu then select the sub option program module in which we are going to generate the code in JAVA/VB/J2EE. Then go ahead and select the generate code option as a result of code generation. TESTING: To perform the testing for the generated code again select the tools option from menu bar and choose quality architecture option a sub window gets opened. We are going to perform Unit Test and Scenario testing for our project. So, select these testing option one by one and testing activity is carried out for all the coding and testing is carried out. CONCLUSION: Thus the project for BOOK BANK SYSTEM has been successfully executed and codes are generated. STOCK MAINTENANCE SYSTEM Ex. No: 4 Date: AIM: To analyze and design a system for Stock Maintenance System using Rational Rose tool. Problem Statement: INVENTORY SYSTEM is a real time application used in the merchant’s day to day system. This is a database to store the transaction that takes places between the Manufacturer, Dealer and the Shop Keeper that includes stock inward and stock outward with reference to the dealer. Here we assume our self as the Dealer and proceed with the transaction as follows: The Manufacturer is the producer of the items and it contains the necessary information of the item such as price per item, Date of manufacture, best before use, Number of Item available and their Company Address. The Dealer is the secondary source of an Item and he purchases Item from the manufacturer by requesting the required Item with its corresponding Company Name and the Number of Items required. The Dealer is only responsible for distribution of the Item to the Retailers in the Town or City. The Shop Keeper or Retailer is the one who is prime source for selling items in the market. The customers get Item from the Shop Keeper and not directly from the Manufacturer or the Dealer. The Stock is the database used in our System which records all transactions that takes place between the Manufacturer and the Dealer and the Dealer and the Retailer. USE CASE DIAGRAM : [pic] ACTIVITY DIAGRAM : [pic] SEQUENCE DIAGRAM : [pic] COLLABORATION DIAGRAM : [pic] COMPONENT DIAGRAM : [pic] CLASS DIAGRAM : [pic] DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM : [pic] Javacoding: Manufacturer. java public class manufacturer { private int manufacturername; private int companyname; private int dateofmanufactured; private int addres; private int contactno; private int name; public dealer theDealer; public manufacturer() { } public void purchase() { } public void sales() { } } Dealer. java public class dealer { private int dealername; private int dateofitemsreceived; private int address; private int contactnumber; rivate int price; private int noofitemsordered; private int noofitemssold; public manufacturer theManufacturer; public shopkeeper theShopkeeper; public dealer() { } public void purchase() { } public void sales() { } public void showstockdetails() { } } Shopkeeper. java public class shopkeeper { private int shopkeepername; private int address; private int contactnum ber; private int price; private int numberofitemsordered; public dealer theDealer; public shopkeeper() { } public void purchase() { } public void sales() { } } RESULT: Thus the UML diagrams for Stock Maintenance was analyzed and designed using Rational Rose. Ex No: 5 Date: ONLINE COURSE REGISTRATION SYSTEM AIM: To create a system through which students can register to the courses desired by them, using Rational Rose tool. Problem statement ? The system is built to be used by students and managed by an administrator. ? The student and employee have to login to the system before any processing can be done. ? The student can see the courses available to him and register to the course he wants. ? The administrator can maintain the course details and view all the students who have registered to any course. System requirements Rational Rose Software Use-case diagram The course registration system has the following use-cases Login View course details Registration Display details Maintain course details Logout The actors involved in the system are 1. Student 2. Administrator Use-case name: Login The user enters the username and password and chooses if the user is student or administrator. If entered details are valid, the user’s account becomes available. If it is invalid, an appropriate message is displayed to the user. Use-case name: View course details In this use case, a student can search all the courses available to him and choose the best course he wants. The student can view the course duration, faculty and department of the courses he may choose. Use-case name: Registration When a student has successfully chosen a course, he can register to that course. Upon registration, the student’s details are stored in the database. Use-case name: Display details After registration to any course, the student may see the details of his current course. He may wish to know details about fees and other information. The administrator also has the privilege to display details of the the students and the corresponding course for which they have registered. Use-case name: Maintain course details The administrator has to perform the duties of maintaining the course details. Any change to the course structure is maintained by the administrator. Use-case name: Logout After all the desired transactions are made, the user may choose to logout from the system to save all he changes they have made. Use-case diagram for course registration system [pic] Class diagram The class diagram is a graphical representation of all the classes used in the system and their operations, attributes and relationships. The course registration system makes use of the following classes: . Stud(student details) 2. Administrator 1) Stud It consists of the details of all the students present in the database. The attributes present in this class are student id, password, name, age, sex, course and attendance. The object of this class is created as soon as the student registers to a course. The operations available to this class are login (), logout (), confirmation () , register (), and view course details (). 2) Administrator It consists of details of all the courses available to the student. The attributes present in this class are username, password, course fees, fees due, marks, and attendance. The operations available to this class are login (), logout (), ma course details (), display course (), and confirmation (). Class diagram for course registration system [pic] Sequence diagram Sequence and collaboration diagram for login to the system [pic] [pic] Sequence and collabaration diagram for logout [pic] [pic] Sequence and collabaration diagram for registration to a course [pic] [pic] ACTIVITY DIAGRAM : [pic] JAVA CODE: Public class stud { Private int sid; Private string passwd; Private int age; Private int sex; Public admin; Public stud() { } Public void logout() { } Public void confirm() { } RESULT: Thus the Online course registration system was designed and analyzed using Rational Rose. Ex No: 6 Date: ONLINE TICKET RESERVATION SYSTEM (E – Ticket) AIM: To analyze and design a system for Online Ticket Reservation System (E – Ticket) using Rational Rose tool. 1. PROBLEM STATEMENT To book a ticket for a user online ticket reservation system software and to confirm the ticket booking, making the payment, printing the tickets has to designed using Rational Rose tool. . OVERALL DESCRIPTION 1. LOGIN †¢ Before entering the system, users have to login †¢ Get the username and password from existing users. †¢ Give new users the option to sign up. 2. AVAILABILITY †¢ Get the source and destination. †¢ Provide a dropdown box for the date. †¢ Check availability of tickets. 3. RESCHEDULE †¢ If tickets are available, get the number of passengers. †¢ Get the name and age of all passengers. †¢ If tickets are not available, reschedule. 4. PAYMENT DETAILS †¢ Print the cost of the tickets. †¢ Get the payment details from the user. †¢ Confirm the details and the ticket. Display confirmed ticket to the user. USECASE DIAGRAM [pic] ACTIVITY DIAGRAM [pic] CLASS DIAGRAM [pic] SEQUENCE DIAGRAM [pic] COLLABORATION DIAGRAM [pic] STATE CHART DIAGRAM [pic] COMPONENT DIAGRAM [pic] DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM [pic] Javacoding: Customerdetails. java public class customerdetails { private int name; private int address; private int email; private int age; public booking theBooking; public customerdetails() { } public void book() { } } Booking. java public class booking { private int booking_no; private int date; private int total; private int status; private int name; public payment thePayment; ublic booking() { } public void pay() { } } Payment. java public class payment { private in t date; private int amount; public payment() { } } RESULT: Thus the Online Ticket Reservation System have been designed and verified using Rational Rose Tool. Ex No:7 Date: SOFTWARE PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AIM: To analyze and design a system for Software Personnel Management System using Rational Rose tool. 2. PROBLEM STATEMENT To compute the gross pay of a person using the software personnel management system software and to add new details to the existing database and update it, using Rational Rose tool. . OVERALL DESCRIPTION The three modules are 1. Login The employee details has to be entered and if needed the details can be edited. 2. Pay slip It contains details such as employee id, employee name, department, experience, and basic pay. 3. View Updated database would be present. The details of the employee can be used for further reference. 2. 1 SOFTWARE REQURIEMENTS: 1. Rational Rose 2. 2 HARDWARE REQURIMENTS: 4. 128MB RAM 5. Pentium III Processor 3. DESIGN USECASE DIAGRAM [pic] CLASS DIAGRAM [pic] SEQUENCE DIAGRAM [pic] COLLABORATION DIAGRAM [pic] SEQUENCE DIAGRAM [pic] COLLABORATION DIAGRAM [pic] ACTIVITY DIAGRAM [pic] JAVA CODING: PAYROLLLOGIN. JAVA public class payrolllogin { private int enterdetails; private int editdetails; public payslip thePayslip; public viewdetails theViewdetails; public payrolllogin() { } public void exit() { } } VIEWDETAILS. JAVA public class viewdetails { private int eid; private int ename; private int dept; private int exp; private int basicpay; private int hra; private int da; private int bpf; private int gpay; public viewdetails() { }