Case Study Hard Core Cartel

CASE STUDY: HARD CORE CARTELS Cartel refers to a group of firms producing substitute goods that collude or conspire to increase prices and its own profits, by lowering production and/or sharing markets or customers. Figure 1 below shows examples of recent price fixing cases from various countries. (Figure 1) These industries either have a market structure in which a small number of inter-dependent firms dominating the industry, that of a oligopoly, or are firms that is the only seller of a good or service that does not have a close substitute, characteristics of a monopoly. Oligopoly and/or monopoly arise for four main reasons: government restriction to the entry of more than one firm into a market, an individual firm commands control over a key resource essential to produce a good, there are externalities in supplying the good and economies of scale are so large that one firm has a natural monopoly. A monopoly and/or oligopoly can produce lesser of the goods and charge at a higher price as compared to a competitive market industry producing the same good, due to the need to stay competitive. This usually leads to lower costs, lower prices, and consumer demanded goods. However, due a market structure like that these industries, price conditions are such that competition is likely to lead to higher prices. Furthermore, governments intervene by regulating these industries and externalities, provide public goods, control the use of common resources and reduce income inequality. It is uncommon for monopolies to be fined with the exception, such as Microsoft, for illegal monopolistic practices. However, fines for companies operating in oligopoly markets that abuse market power through collusive agreements are more common. Traditionally, the power cable industries in the European Union have been state-owned monopolies. During the 1990s, countries such as Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom, privatized these industries and imposed price regulation to restrict market power. Power cable industries in Germany are highly competitive market and over the past decades, dramatic changes are observed in the way the government regulated the European economies. Cartel members engaged in market sharing, price setting, bid rigging, coordinated predation and delaying of innovation. Hard core cartels can reduce the economic welfare and consumers' surplus because of the manipulation of market prices and/or quantity of goods. Consumer surplus is the difference between the highest price a consumer is willing to pay for a good and the price the consumer actually pays. (Figure 2) Depicted by Figure 2, consumer surplus is measured by the area below demand curve and above the market price, P1. Therefore, the higher the market price, the smaller the consumer surplus. By increasing price and reducing the quantity produced, the monopolist reduces economic surplus. This reduction in economic surplus is called deadweight loss, which is a result from a market not being in competitive equilibrium. As indicated in the earlier section, cartels arise in market structures characterized by a small number of inter-dependent firms competing against each other. Factoring in this inter-dependence, the firms can enter a collusive agreement to manipulate market prices in a bid to achieve monopoly prices. While this may be the case, high prices may also be an incentive for the cartelists to breach the agreement by undercutting their rival firms and/or increasing production output, to attract consumers. Cartels can have significant adverse effects on global economy. As with the case of Spain’s domestic sugar cartel, the firms had detailed price-fixing and collusive agreements (e. g. import and export) that restricted the supply of sugar, in order to achieve maximum monopoly profits. As a result, for many years, Spanish sugar prices were 5 to 9 per cent higher than the rest of Europe. This illustrates how cartels can manipulate market prices and exploit the buyers of their products. Since sugar is considered a basic staple, this indirectly constitutes to greater economic loss.

Culture Day Topic Essay

History of Judo was created by Jigoro Kano. He was a highly educated man; he was considered the founder of the modern Japanese education system. He wanted to preserve and combine the ancient martial traditions of Japan. One of the most important innovations was the emphasis of â€Å"randori†, or non-cooperative free sparring practice. The majority was based on pre-arranged sequences of attack and defense known as â€Å"kata†. For several years Kodokan Judo reigned supreme. Kudo was challenged by a man named Mataemon Tanabae. Maeda Mitsuyo Maeda became one of the greatest fighters in the history of Judo. Maeda retired without ever losing a fight. The Gracies, Maeda settled in Brazil and created an academy of â€Å"Jiu Jitsu†. One of his students was Carlos Gracie. After studying for several years he opened his own academy. He and Maeda created the â€Å"Gracie Challenge†, all challengers were welcome to compete in the challenge. The Gracie fighters were victorious against all kinds of fighters from different backgrounds. Several members of the Gracie family began to go to the US in the late 1980’s. The Gracies and their particular brand of fighting has had a major impact on martial arts today. Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Brazilian Jiu Jitsu was very similar in many ways with to Judo and other systems of Japanese Jiu Jitsu. Judo was originally designed as a powerful system of self-defense. Brazilian Jiu Jitsu is divided into three categories: self-defense, free fighting competition, and sport grappling. The fighting strategy of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu is to make a physically smaller or weaker person be able to defend from a larger or stronger attacker. When applying BJJ (Brazilian Jiu Jitsu) techniques leverage is key. As leverage is the secret to the most use of force.

From Imitation to Innovation Zongshen Industrial Group Essay

From Imitation to Innovation Zongshen Industrial Group - Essay Example Zongshen acquired human sources from Japan, SOE leaders and Chinese government officials. It developed Masters in Combustion Engines and Mechanical Engineering to improve skills of local students. The company developed its staff’s skills on technology and engineering by organizing foreign visits to joint venture partners and other companies. The decision of reverse merger was too challenging for Zongshen and Zou because the idea for quick listening was attractive but, on the other hand, Zongshen was investing in a company which was about to be delisted. However, Zongshen took a bold step and the original company eventually transformed to Chongqing Zongshen Power Machinery Co. Ltd, the largest engine producing business. Another critical phase of Zongshen was its expansion to acquire Canadian based PEM technology. Zongshen took a smart decision to purchase PEM, it first merged with a Toronto listed capital asset pool company, Norstar Ventures. Then it formed Zongshen PEM Power Systems. This was later expanded to a whole Chinese subsidiary as Zongshen PEM (Canada) Chongqing Hydrogen Energy Ltd. In 2006, another subsidiary Zongshen Electric Vehicle Company Limited was developed. These two focused over the production of premium e-bikes, giving edge to Zongshen over its rivals. The initiative of ‘blue ocean’ strategy for Cyclone products was very attractive. But the way this strategy was implemented cannot be appreciated. The main flaw with this strategy was that the consumers couldn’t relate such a premium quality and price product to Zongshen. Following are the Yellow Tail wine case implications for Zongshen to implement their ‘blue ocean’ strategy. 2. Reduce consumer confusion. In Chinese market there was a need for quality and performance but it was not yet realized by the consumers at large. So they could not relate Cyclone products’ premium differentiation to their need. Therefore, the

Multiple Questions on History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Multiple Questions on History - Essay Example On the example of FARC it is clearly seen that this theory works. The group of people was gathered in order to protect the interests of oppressed people in the rural areas of Columbia. Another peculiarity of Focoist theory is that it was initially invented for developing countries. Thus, when Che Guevara’s theory is criticized, it may be argued that it is initially â€Å"Guerrilla War†. Revolutionary war in China has its specific laws as well. Mao Zedong has suggested strategies of revolutionary war in his well-known essays 'On Practice' and 'On Contradiction' (1937). Zedong makes an emphasis on revolutionary upheaval, which is based not on instantaneous protests, but is also confirmed by deep knowledge and profound historical experience of a nation. Maoism has guerilla roots as well. Still, unlike Che Guevara, Zedong makes an emphasis on the necessity of a proper education of a nation with regards to revolutionary issues. Question 2Atomic weapon influence on military t heory after WWII Thesis: A creation of atomic weapon after WWII signified an international pace for strategic preparation against hostile moods of the world. Atomic weapon was a serious intimidating factor uprising those countries, which owned it and diminished power of countries, which did not have it. An inevitable development of atomic weapon was propagated by its supporters and developers, such as Lawrence, Alvarez, Teller and others. They claimed that it was wise for the United States to protect their nation against intimidating factors of potential hazards caused by atomic weapon. Nevertheless, the fact that  Atomic Energy Commission forbade development of atomic weapon for America may be explained by two main reasons: a lack of technology development in this field : â€Å"Oppenheimer believed that the atomic forces of the United States would be more effective if they consisted of many large fission weapons (of which multiple bombs could be dropped on the same targets) rath er than the large and unwieldy predictions of massive super bombs, for which there were a relatively limited amounts of targets of the size to warrant such a development† (History of nuclear weapons, 2011). Consequently, it is evident that a significant shift happened in military theory. After WWII atomic weapon was mentioned as a powerful tool regulating diplomatic policies and controlling over them in the post war period. Question 3 Evolution of US military approaches in Vietnam Thesis: from thousands of hostile attacks to diplomatic negotiations, - these were limits of American political strategy in the war of Vietnam. In order to support policies of the South’s government, America sent in 1963 6,000 of forces to South Vietnam. Starting from 1965, Johnson triggered the war, bombing North Vietnam and these attacks mounted up to in 1968. During times of Nixon, starting from 1968 policies of Vietnamization was promoted. America made an attempt to destroy Communism in Vi etnam in 1970. There is a gradual evolution of military policies in Vietnam: from hostile moods to diplomatic agreements. For the American history this war was the longest one. In the result of war in Vietnam 2 mln lives were gone and 60,000 deaths among Americans emerged. South Vietnamese should be protected by the American government from totalitarian regime. Moreover, it should be noted that this lesson of war

Disscussion Board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Disscussion Board - Assignment Example 2. Contrast the speaker’s actual identity with the one he creates for himself in lines 1–2. What elements of his actual situation do you think lead him to characterize himself as he does in these lines? The poet, Randall Jarrell, actually served in the Army Air Corps in the Second World War (â€Å"Randall Jarrell†). He actually finished university with a bachelor’s and master’s degree and he was able to publish his book of poems before he joined the Army Air Corps. However, the character he portrays himself as in the poem is that of a person who has never done anything in his life except become a soldier and serve the State all his life until his death. Perhaps, the poet makes such a comparison in order to show the reader that despite his being a poet, during the Second World War, what mattered to him was survival as a soldier and that perhaps what consumed him was the idea of his own death and nothing else. Thus, he forgot about everything else and just focused on being a soldier. It is Randall Jarrell’s â€Å"The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner† that has a greater impact on me because of the cleverness of the poet in expressing the same dishonor and disgrace in war in such an astounding brevity. The futility of war is expressed in the whole poem especially in the end when the dead soldier was just â€Å"washed†¦out of the turret with a hose† and with even just he alone to speak about it. This is clearly the unjust reward of devoting his whole lifetime to the

Organisational Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 4

Organisational Change Management - Essay Example Leadership is interpreted by different theories for different situations. To some, it means control; to others, it means representation. â€Å"Leadership is ‘the behavior of an individual . . . directing the activities of a group toward a shared goal’† (Yukl, 2010). Yukl’s definition suggests that leadership is the authorization to make decisions on the behalf of others. Management is a process that interconnects and transverses every aspect of the organisation. As the integrating force, the company management coordinates, synthesizes and directs the myriads of variant activities within the organisation to maximize shareholder value. According to Easterby-Smith, a manager’s tasks include: 1) organization and coordination; 2) anticipating problems and handling them to ensure the continued operations at an acceptable level; 3) effectively overcoming functional, cultural and technical obstacles and perhaps rebuilding the organization’s structure (Mark Easterby-Smith, 2012). Decisions are based upon the unique variables of a scenario. The choice and much of the success of a leadership style depends upon the character traits of the leader. Businesses suffer and eventually fail due to inadequate or improper leadership. Values have also changed; in some instances values have disappeared from company visions and missions. Neither the employee nor the customer affects decision making, just profits – and increasing shareholder value. The employee’s perception of how the organization values his or her contribution is also important. â€Å"Perceived organizational support (POS) is the degree to which employees believe the organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being† (Robbins, 2011). Employees can sense how much the organization values their input. In order to achieve its goals, leaders must be multi-dimensional. â€Å"Effective leaders make frequent use of task-oriented and person-or iented behaviors† (Yukl, 2010). The key is consistency. If a leader can be found that can perform using the high-high model of leadership, he or she should be considered a highly valuable asset. The leader can effectively serve the staff only to the extent of his or her character. â€Å"The values are likely to be internalized by managers who grow up in a particular culture, and these values will influence their attitudes and behavior in ways that may not be conscious† (Yukl, 2010 In the past, management was mainly seen as a technical, functional and mechanistic activity related to effective organisation and implementation of resources. Although synthesis, coordination and direction are really important functions of managerial behaviour, it does not mean that they are homogeneous; on the contrary, managerial functions are extensively diverse (Bandura, 1982). Consistency is paramount during periods of recession. Implementation of sustainability programs must exist to ens ure the long run success of the operations. This is considered true by Fiksel (1999) in his study of strategies employed by top international corporations to maintain superior business performance Case Scenario: D2 Manufacturing (See Appendix A) The D2 car manufacturing case scenario will be analyzed by use of the ‘Appreciative Inquiry 5D framework’ method (Cooperrider & dan Whitney, 2001): a. Definition b. Discovery c. Dream d. Design e. Destiny The following questions will be

Corporation acquisitions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Corporation acquisitions - Assignment Example Shareholder losses happen when firms are acquired because acquisitions have not been planned as such in the past and hence there are no forecasts that are done prior to acquiring new corporations (Scott 1994). Shareholder losses usually mean a great amount of distress for the people who invest a great deal within these firms who now have gone ahead and decided to acquire new corporations. The fundamentals of corporate acquisitions have focused a great deal on how different avenues of corporate success have been envisaged and how these bring in value and the expected returns for the sake of the firms which have expansion desires (Schnee 2004). In essence, corporate acquisitions are usually seen with a skeptical viewpoint because these are at times very diabolical in nature and do not always bring in the desired value in terms of financial success that a firm might have thought into in the past. References Gaughan, P (1999). Mergers, Acquisitions, and Corporate Restructurings. Wiley Sc hnee, E (2004). Corporate Acquisition Expenses. Journal of Accountancy, Vol. 197 Scott, C (1994). Corporate Control and Accountability: Changing Structures and the Dynamics of Regulation. Clarendon Press

Total Rewards Program Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Total Rewards Program - Case Study Example g back to several millennia in ancient China and the fabled old city of Babylon under Hammurabi (1750 B.C.E.); a key concept of insurance as a form of protection against any financial losses has stayed the same all throughout from ancient times to modern times. Another vital concept in modern insurance is the use of statistical data and probabilities to determine insurance rates, using actuarial science. In this regard, it has become almost an entirely mechanical process, using powerful computers to determine the risk premiums suitable for an insurable risk, to be able to produce a profit. The original use of insurance was to protect traders who transport their goods using the sometimes treacherous or dangerous river rapids in ancient China from a possible sinking of the boat carrying the goods. In the probability a boat had capsized, the indemnification a trader gets from the insurance will ensure he can rise again financially. In Babylon, the concept of insurance had a much different application. A sea merchant whose ship sinks in the Mediterranean Sea can expect to recoup his losses, because he had paid a premium on the loan to finance his expedition. That extra premium will enable the lender to cancel the loan in case of a ship sinking. In todays capitalist, free-market environment, insurance coverage extends to many situations, such as life, car, boat, condominium unit, motorcycle, or anything of value, even the health of a person. Insurance is a financial product that needs to be sold aggressively, as opposed to other consumer products which people simply buy on their own initiative. Unless it is mandated, as in the case of the new health insurance coverage as required by law under the health reform act, it is a product that most people would rather do without, as premium payment is an added expense. It is therefore important for an insurance firm to have a wide network of sales agents who will push its insurance policies, preferably exclusively with

Continuity Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Continuity Planning - Essay Example The actions to be taken to recover items likely to be partially disturbed or fully disturbed are determined. The anticipated repercussions are also discussed. In the interest of the company, if the disaster recovery is to be effective, the plan of action has to be periodically studied and modified as and when necessary. In other words, Continuity Planning emphasizes the requirement to safeguard the company's structure, asset, wealth, reputation and image. Apart from natural disasters like illness, fire, earth quake etc, attacks by terrorists and attacks on the information technology systems by viruses are also looked into. The chief objective of Continuity Planning is not only to prevent the disaster but to ensure normal functions of the company in the event of a disaster with bare minimum loss of time, material and money. That is important. Obviously Disaster Recovery Planning is a part of Continuity Planning. In fact they go together. According to statistics, man-made and natural disasters have increased considerably. The company authorities have realized the importance of taking necessary steps. An adversity can strike an establishment at any time. Prevention is always better. But it may not be possible always. What to do if a disaster crops up Or what should have been done in anticipation of it The directors of the company turn their eyes to Continuity Planning, which is a sort of risk management, for building security. "Continuity planning" has replaced "disaster recovery planning". If it is adopted sensibly, not only the enterprise can survive the onslaught but it can also bounce back majestically. Continuity Planning Audits have the ability to participate in the Continuity Planning actively for the good of the company. They are also capable of identifying a company's financial loopholes. Destruction caused by disaster is only a part of the story. There are other more critical problems - Losing data, losing business, losing customers, losing reputation, losing money, relocation, repairs are only some of them. All these give everlasting nightmare to the company. That apart, the company is answerable to shareholders, employees, clients and so on. It should have been the company's responsibility to take precautionary measures. The company may be taken to task legally by the shareholders. All these factors add to the concern of the company management. According to Pat McAnally, director of marketing at SunGard Planning Solutions in Wayne, Pennsylvania (Rodetis, 1999), "Professional service companies are starting to appreciate and protect the intellectual capital of a business". Any company without Continuity Planning will fail to meet its statutory obligations; and the company may be penalized for neglecting continuity planning. So most of the companies are seriously adhering to it. Pat McAnally (Rodetis, 1999) says, "Contingency plans are also a regular part of requirements by the office of the comptroller of the currency". Continuity Planning is for preserving and protecting all the records and valuables of an enterprise such that the company can go ahead with its operations without any sort of hindrance. Taking steps to minimize risk is far reasonable than recovering from a mishap. Each minute of idle time of man, machinery and other equipment in an organization amounts to waste of money. If such a situation is not put under control the company runs the risk of closing down. The biggest headache of a manager is undoubtedly

Morgan Spurlocks Supersize me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Morgan Spurlocks Supersize me - Essay Example Spurlock's movie tried on experimenting about eating only McDonald's food product in 30 days. They tried to see if fast food is really a big factor on the ongoing obesity problem in America. According to Spurlock's documentary movie, it's over 37% of American children and adolescents are having too much fat and 2 out of every three adults are obese. He chose McDonalds Fast food for it is found in almost all over the world and even almost everywhere in America. McDonalds is also one of the big companies who influences well people about fast foods due to their advertisements. With the ongoing epidemia, who are we really to blame for this, those fast foods or us Should we also consider our own self to be responsible for being obese Though fast foods are everywhere and are very convenient especially for busy people, there is still a very big factor to be considered on self discipline when it comes to the food we take in. Even if McDonalds have their products advertised well in televisions, radios, and in adds, we always have a choice to be persuaded by them and buy food from this fast food or not. We are responsible for our own health and that includes much about the food we eat everyday. McDonalds power over their advertisements to the people, especially to the children only needs proper understanding about the consequences upon always eating fast foods. Those parents should educate their children at early age about what they can really get out of those fast foods. Parents may even improvise their way of cooking food for their children so they will not crave for those fast foods anymore. Since children are more vulnerable to be persuaded by advertisements, discipline should start home.Second, this education should not only be at home but should also be extended to schools and offices. They should encourage their canteens to prepare healthy foods for healthy living. But this doesn't say we should totally not eat in fast foods, we only mean to eat their occasionally. We can hold our parties there but never eat their everyday. Fast foods can also regulate the food they serve to their customers. They should think a way to sell foods that are nutritious and are not health hazards. In this way, there will be less blame to them about the epidemia of obesity. Though children are educated by their parents, parents should serve also a good example or model to their kids. If a child sees what their parents do they think it's good and proper. Though advertisements are everywhere, it is still the parents that should greatly influence their children. Not only the parents should influence them but should always be seconded by the schools they are in to study. Spurlock did a good documentary movie. Though everything seems to be perfectly presented in the movie, it is not only the fast food eating routine that should be looked at.Different people have also different routines and work everyday. It is not only walking and eating that they do that can affect their health but there are a lot of other things. Our health is also greatly affected of our emotions, lifestyle, and environment. Fast foods may appear to be one of the causes of obesity but not it has no big factor compared to what we always do everyday. If we are really that lazy who always sleep and do nothing (exercise) then obesity is not impossible for us to happen. Psychological problems can even cause obesity. "When

Reward System in Educational Settings Essay Example for Free

Reward System in Educational Settings Essay The reward systems used in educational settings originates from psychology of behavior that specifically gives specific emphasis on promoting good discipline in educational settings. Education institutions are able to make significant differences in children’s behavior through setting out definite rules and stipulating sanctions and rewards for violating them. The fundamental nature of such systems is the idea that students can choose how to conduct themselves. Therefore, by rewarding and recognizing good behaviors whereas bad ones are punished, it is believed that students will aspire to choose good behaviors. A number of psychologists argue that in most cases education institutions focus on rectifying bad behaviors only rather than recognizing or reinforcing good behavior among students. They therefore criticize such an approach as being too basic because it eliminates the framework within which students’ conduct occurs and leaves total liability up on individual for their behavior. Although such criticizing arguments have been put forward, reward systems have been widely adopted in most education institutions especially primary and secondary schools. There are argued to impact positively on student’s behavior and performance as well as to teachers (Kohn, 1993). In regard to this, psychologists have explained the reward systems using a number of learning theories which relates the psychology and education disciplines. Learning is the means through which cognitive, emotional, and environment influences and experiences suitable for enhancing, acquiring, or making ones skills, knowledge, and values are brought together. Thus, the learning process puts emphasis on events that occur in the learning environment and this is explained by a number of learning theories. The learning theories clarify on how animals and people learn thus aiding us to understand the inherent complex learning process. All the learning theories which have been put forward by various psychologists are grouped into three categories: cognitive, behavior, constructivism and social-cognitive. Motivation of students is the basic necessity to guarantee success of any education enterprise. The dynamics of motivation can be explained as the types of academic and social goals which students brings into the classrooms, motivating elements of such goals, and the existing reward systems that together control the quantity and quality of learning as well as the will to keep on learning (Deci Ryan, 1986). Motivation has been categorized by psychologists into four groups: instrumental motivation, achievement motivation, intrinsic motivation, and social motivation. However, more than one type of motivation may occur to a student at a given time. Instrumental motivation as a type of motivation is exclusively extrinsic because students carry out tasks as they are influenced by probable final consequences such as the probability of acquiring material rewards or keeping away from a reprimand. Therefore, in cases of such motivation, teachers are supposed to ensure that tasks being performed are put in contexts that students perceive pleasant. Social motivation argues that students execute tasks in order to please people they admire, respect or whose views are of significance to them. In regard to this social motivation, rewards have no significance although tangible as well as immaterial. Besides, rewards are correlated expressly to the perceived association between the learners and the teachers or instructors whose underpinning activities such as praise and approval are considered important. Achievement motivation involves students learning and hoping for success and it has three components: cognitive drive –whereby students attempts to satisfy identified ‘need to know’; self enhancement –learners satisfy the call for self-respect; affiliation –learners seek support from others; Intrinsic motivation is characterized by the absence of external rewards hence tasks are undertaken for the pleasure and satisfaction they bring the students. It appears to be fundamental to high quality participation in an undertaking as well as being self-terminating and self-maintaining. Curiosity and a desire to meet challenges may characterize the learning of students motivated in this style (Ardord, 2006). To clearly explain the system of reward in schools, a few theories are explained. Maslow’s theory of motivation focuses on a person’s striving for excellence and he explained this through ‘hierarchy of human needs’. Maslow pointed out that every human being is a ‘wanting animal’ hence he supposed that an individual’s behavior at any given time is dominated by his/her needs that have largest potency. As lower level psychological needs of a person are sufficiently achieved, the needs for higher level psychological needs come in handy. In the context of education, Maslow’s theory argues that students cannot and/or are not willing to learn or put more effort if their basic needs are not provided or met. Therefore, students require psychological needs to be met alongside their safety feelings and a sense of belonging. Such leads to spontaneous sense as learners who are hungry will not concentrate, nor will learners who are bullied and neither will learners who perceive to be outsiders and without friends. According to Maslow, learners are motivated if they are self-actualized and any hindrances affects learning environment considerably (Ibid, 2006). Skinner came up with a theoretical framework referred to as operant conditioning to explain that human beings cannot learn best without being provided or promised with a reward. He argued that human beings like every other organisms makes a direct and anticipated response –operant- when they are aware that there is a reward. Therefore, in cases where a response happens and emphasized, there is increased probability that it will happen again when a comparable stimulus is present. Hence, skinner argued that student’s tend to learn best when behavioral change occurs. In his experiment, Skinner had come up with learning units referred to as ‘contingencies of reinforcement’. These are sequences within which behaviors or responses are followed by reinforcing stimuli. The outstanding learning principle in this theory states that behaviors/responses are naturally produced without bring out stimuli. Besides, such behaviors are operants as their production can be instrumental in punishing or reinforcing consequences among students. Therefore, this theory is useful in understanding a person’s learning, social interaction, and human development via making open a number of normal law relationships created into human life by God. Thus, the theory concurs on the necessity to have a system of reward in schools based on students’ behavior which seems notable (Tayo, 2001). Penn in his work argues that in self-worth theory, motivation is the one of most vital factors to determine the attitude of learners as well as their behavior as a sense of self-respect. The answer to self-worth is learner’s perception of his/her own capability particularly when compared to others. If an imaginary hierarchy of self-worth is drawn, learners will tend to give ability the first priority, followed by effort and performance. The theory as claimed can be explained by equating both worth and ability. The author quoting other psychologists writes that applying personal goal-setting arrangements (gives learners a chance to define their own criteria for success), outcome-based evaluation and instruction (slower learning students experience success without competing with faster learning students), attribution learning (facilitates uninterested learners to consider failure being the lack of effort instead of ability), and cooperative learning activities (facilitates learners in understanding that individual effort contributes to personal as well as group goals) removes barriers to achieving motivation and redirects learners’ behavior far away from letdown-avoiding activities in educational settings (Penn, 2002). Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation theories differ only in terms of goals that different student have. Intrinsic motivation argues that students study just for the sake. The learners derive personal satisfaction as well as learning new ideas from learning and regard the m as a reward (Anti-Bullying Network, 2000). On the other hand, extrinsically motivated students are influenced by outside influences for instance praise from peer and teacher, attaining good grades, and/or any other form of reinforcement a peer or teacher can offer. Some people have argued that intrinsically motivated students tend to learn more as compared to those who are extrinsically motivated. Reason may be because intrinsically motivated learners as well extrinsically motivated. However, extrinsically motivated learners are seldom motivated intrinsically. Extrinsic rewards encompasses use of tangible rewards such as payments and gifts so as to keep learners interested in particular subjects as well as motivate them (Deci Ryan, 2002). Intrinsic motivation has for a long time been criticized for its unconstructive influence on intrinsic motivation as well as being claimed to have a short term effect. In regard to intrinsic motivation, learners have the feelings of self-determination, pride, and competence. However, students are highly interested in activities when they are motivated by gifts, prizes, grades, or money as long as they received anticipated reward. Therefore, with time a student who receives a reward for their performance in a particular subject, they gradually become interested in it and develop intrinsic motivation. A big difference exists between tangible rewards (candy, money, certificates) and verbal rewards (praise, positive feedback). Tangible rewards influences intrinsic motivation negatively and destroy self-regulation (Wilson Corpus, 2001). Conclusion Although the reward system has for a long time been applied in schools, a couple of issues need to be addressed if it will remain effective. Teachers and parents needs to be consistent in using rewards and sanctions, the reward system whether individual, cooperative or competitive should be monitored on regular basis, keeping-off from rewards that have monetary worth or those that indicates that school tasks are of no value, and making certain that rewards are deserved and genuine rather than being routine (Anti-Bullying Network, 2000). Whichever the reward system an education institution adopts, a positive culture in schools is established reason being efforts and good behaviors of the pupils are recognized. Thus, most students tend to put more effort so as to achieve established rewards and as a result the overall performance of school improves.

Marketing analysis of internet portal Sulekha.com

Marketing analysis of internet portal Sulekha.com Sulekha.com is a groundbreaking site for multiple reasons, one of them being that, it is a completely member-contributed website; almost all of its 500,000+ pages of content are contributed by tens of thousands of Indians from over 50 countries. It is best place to blog, to interact and to make friends. Sulekha has blogs, social networking, classifieds, events, yellow pages, among other services and has definitely come a long way in a short span of time. It is the leading provider of integrated online event promotion and management, membership and fundraising services to offline organizations. It has served more than 500 advertisers in more than 10 business domains and helped meet their marketing and sales objectives. Sulekha has become a highly sought-after online advertising medium because of its unparalleled reach, unprecedented targeting (by age, gender, city, sub-ethnicity and income) and integrated offline/online promotions. Today, Sulekha serves an exponentially growing online and mobile member base of 6.2 million in over 50 cities in India, US and elsewhere as the: (a)Most popular online/mobile provider of YP business search results to users and business leads to small to medium business advertisers and merchants (b)Most popular online/mobile provider of classifieds in the broadest range of categories (c)Most popular social media site offering largest events/opinions/reviews in targeted domains. More Indians use Sulekha.com than any other source online or offline to find local businesses and interact and transact with each other for the broadest range of needs all across India, US and elsewhere. Sulekha.coms assets include: The largest listing of general Classifieds. The most comprehensive and accurate Yellow Pages business listings in India. The largest number of Small to Medium Business advertisers in the online/mobile space. The largest base of member-generated content amongst Indian sites that spurs local commerce. A sophisticated and scalable mobile/online platform that serves millions of users on a daily basis. Sulekha.com continues to rapidly expand its user and customer base both through its own sales force and through a growing network of prominent alliances with major mobile and online partners such as Reliance, Vodafone, Airtel, Spice, Sify and othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.making the use of Classifieds and Local Search easy and ubiquitous. Every business that is listed on Sulekha yellow Pages has its own profile page, where in people can add information about that business, pictures, work hours, map coordinates and contact details. From the profile page visitors are given an option to either call the business or send a free text message to the business. Visitors can at anytime save the information about the business on their phone from the website. Since its inception Sulekha has developed many applications for mobile platforms and for social networking platforms such as Facebook. The Facebook applications include a restaurant finder and an application to browse through Classifieds. They have also developed an application for the Nokia N97 which allows the user to browse through all the services offered by the company. It is a fully funded company, headquartered in Austin (Texas, US) and with operations in US and India. The website has not advertised on TV in India to date as we always felt there would be a lot of wastage in reaching an audience that is not yet on online.Sulekha.com has been recognized as one of the Top Six Largest Internet Media Portals in India and a pioneer in marrying community and commerce in a distinctive manner. BUSINESS MODEL Launching a Web-based start-up had to be either an act of sheer bravado or the result of a carefully conceived business plan. Satya Prabhakar was banking on the latter, but in effect, he fit into the former category. For, the dotcom bubble had burst and portals were not considered the promised route to success. Yet, Prabhakar persisted.. He quit his well-paying job with ATT in the US, put in his savings and investments worth $25,000, and set up sulekha.com at 37. Sulekha was a dream of setting up an online community for Indians worldwide that took shape when he was employed, and the conviction of its success saw him actually write the code for the site. He turned his vocation to occupation despite the risks involved and the misgivings of the people around him. When Im 55, I dont want to regret not having done something, he justifies his move. Its also his business philosophy. He attributes it to the concept of regret minimisation framework coined by Jeff Bezos, the founder of amazon.com. Another influence for Prabhakar has been Paulo Coelhos The Alchemist, a tale about following ones dream and finding out what one is capable of. Whats the worst that could have happened? he asks. If this venture had failed, I knew I could have gone back to a job. As for the familys responsibility, Prabhakar was unfazed because he had kept aside sufficient funds to last them at least a year. True to his conviction, Sulekha soon took on a life of its own. The next logical step was to set up a space where buyers and sellers could meet. So the classifieds version of Sulekha was born and it took about two-and-a-half years for the site to break even. About an year or so after this, Prabhakar began thinking of taking the business to India. By 2005, he had moved back home and set up headquarters in Chennai. Though the business model for the e-venture was in place, India threw up several unique challenges for Sulekha. The sheer size of the population was daunting. The other, more critical, aspect involved convincing small businesses that the Internet was not necessarily a parallel universe, but that it could be a powerful tool if it was exploited in the right manner. So, Prabhakar tweaked his model to suit the country-instead of a regular classifieds site, he sold Sulekha purely as a mechanism for gathering business leads. This means that a small business can advertise on Sulekha with the assurance of a certain number of leads being generated. A user (buyer) who goes to Sulekha is given the option of asking for a specific product or service and his contacts are then sent to the advertiser as a lead. This implies that the user is assured a veritable flood of targeted responses. What makes Sulekhas Indian business model unique is that the advertisers largely small businesses have literally nothing to do online. They pay for the leads-Sulekha could be a skywriting site for all that it matters to them. Theres absolutely no commerce conducted online, so there are no security issues. As Prabhakar says, all he really needed to have in place was a crack sales team. They (people) are my real assets. Everything else that sulekha.com owns can fit into a hard disk, he says. So while recruiting, he looks for people with the right attitude: those who regard problems as challenges and enjoy their work. However, reactions took time to convert into revenue. It was three years before Sulekha broke even, but there has been no looking back since then. From Rs 50,000 worth of business that was transacted in a month initially, the site has moved on to making at least twice this amount in a day. The company has offices in five cities across the country-Bangalore, Chennai, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Delhi-and plans to open more. Today, Sulekha is what Prabhakar always wanted it to be: Not just a site that people love to visit, but a site that people have to visit. Authoritarianism obviously pays. Users are happy with Sulekha, which gets a large number of repeat visitors, according to Prabhakar. But the portals success has given rise to innumerable rumours. When you attain a certain size, theres nothing people can do except talk, he says. While they are talking, he is moving into different media, including mobile phones. The bottom line is clear: Prabhakar wants Sulekha to be everyones default option. Sulekha.com is succeeding today by identifying and firmly establishing first-mover leadership role in multiple areas, and by managing its resources smartly and is preparing to launch the first Indian electronic bookstore aimed at selling downloadable content to end-users. It has won unanimous praise from numerous Indian and foreign media for its unique approach and commercial success. REVENUE MODEL: Sulekha derives its revenues in India through a performance guaranteed response model through which they have served a customer base of nearly 20,000 SMB customers and hundreds of major brands. Sulekha.com continues to rapidly expand its user and customer base both through its own sales force and through a growing network of prominent alliances with major mobile and online partners such as Vodafone, Reliance, Sify and others, making the use of Classifieds and Local Search easy and ubiquitous. Sulekha, which drives its revenues primarily from businesses, instead of the end consumers, is working out plans to rope in more channel partners who will drive online traffic to the websites. The company which recently launched its assured advertising solution for small business, aims to attract about 50,000 businesses to advertise in the portal by the end of the year. The company is giving advertisers the guarantee to succeed, and if an advertiser feel that his target of getting a certain number of responses has not been met, Sulekha.com is assuring to run the same advertisement till they met the business demand. CUSTOMER VALUE PROPOSITION User-generated content, focus on the social media targeted at specifically Indians and on generating a revenue with local commerce within the community has been the unique value proposition (UVP) for Sulekha.com according to Sulekha.com co-founder and CEO Satya Prabhakar. Sulekha.com has now migrated and replicated there success in the online space to the mobile platform by providing services classifieds as well as mobile blogging in the current months. They want to expand by offerings, by creating more alliances with print media and mobile service providers. Sulekha realizes this goal in a profitable manner by creating a flexible and powerful interactive platform that connects Indians worldwide through a variety of popular and powerful services. Here are some concrete examples of how they do it: Social Capital: Sulekha provides the most popular platform for expression and discussions (articles/columns, Coffeehouse, Weblogs) that allows exchange of thoughts and opinions. Sulekha has helped raised over $1 million / Rs. 5 crores for hundreds of cultural and charitable organizations in promoting and selling tickets for their funds and events. Economic Capital: Sulekha runs the most popular online classifieds service in North America (and soon worldwide) that allows for the exchange of products and services among Indians. Also, Sulekha has also started a fund, collected. Political Capital: Sulekha provides a powerful platform for Indian organizations worldwide to promote and find support for petitions advocating their causes. The Smart Techie magazine has released a list of Top 25 most promising internet companies in India. The list includes BigAdda(social networking), Yatra.com(travel), Zapak(gaming), and Sulekha.com(local commerce). CONCLUSION: Some of the trends for the coming year as predicted by Sulekha.com show that: The ability to target online users by geography has improved, and its a lot cheaper now. Local advertisers can now be sure that only local eyeballs will see their ad. One can develop a reputation very quickly online, adding to his credibility and opening more doors for themselves all without setting foot outside the house. Witnessing tremendous response from tier-II cities for local business search online, we feel that these cities in a very short span of time will engulf the online space. The online space will also see frenzied activity with Marketers tightening their purse strings with a lot of stress on creative experimentation. Corporate houses, big and small will look at diversification in a big way ways to synergize or differentiate their value offering to the end consumer. Small business will continue to grow and are expected to embrace technology more in the future due to the sheer economic viability attached to this medium. Innovation will become a benchmark to leverage and sustain customer interest and loyalty. Apart from the online space, innovation in the mobile space will be tremendous with mobile commerce becoming a key platform for business convergence after the opening up of 3G networks. AWARD WON BY SULEKHA: PC World(June 2008) rated Sulekha.com the Best Local Search Site in India. MSN (July 2008) rated Sulekha.com the Best WAP Site in India for Local Commerce. CNBC (Oct 2008): Sulekha.comà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the largest online Classifieds and Yellow Pages in India. Venture Beat(May 2008): A merger between Facebook and Craigslist may seem like a pipe dream but in India its already happening. The web community Sulekha has quickly grown to become Indias largest user-generated content siteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦with 6 million members Financial Times(UK): Sulekha.comà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the worlds largest online Indian communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is extraordinarily sticky some visitors call it addictiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦

Those Winter Sundays Analysis

Those Winter Sundays Analysis The poem, which I selected for analyzing and interpreting, is Those Winter Sundays by Robert Hayden. The question raised by the author has been attracting the readers for a long time, since it deals with a situation which most of people have experienced at least once in their lives. The authors language and artistic devices by which he transmits the idea that people often pay little attention to good deeds and kind attitude especially when they has become a part of somebodys routine leave a really strong impression, often making the reader stop and re-think his attitude towards some events in his or her life. In this poem the author recollects memories from his childhood, when his father rose before dawn to kindle the fire in order to warm their hose on winter morning. Hayden skillfully uses deep and powerful imagery to convey his emotions, not giving direct statements but letting the reader to surmise what was implied in the lines therefore making a bright and living picture of that event in his or her mind. Those Winter Sundays honors a much-criticized figure in American culture of the 1990s the withdrawn, emotionally inexpressive and distant (and probably unhappy and angry) father. The poem makes its way towards perceiving the emotional life of such a man. The poem realizes love as it lived in such a man (Goldstein and Chrisman 254). Beginning with the phrase Sundays too my father got up early the author indicates that his father got up early not only on Sundays, but during the whole week also, thus giving the image of a hard-working man, who though having a day off gives up his opportunity to have a rest for the sake of his family. Hayden also emphasizes that the man has got cracked hands that ached from labour in the weekday, making the reader to feel a little more drama and sympathy for his father. Te author sums up the first stanza with a simple literal line No one ever thanked him, therefore accomplishing splendidly his image of a caring man who shows a real regard for his family every day, but no one appreciates that. In the second stanza the speaker describes what he did, while his father performed his morning routine. The reader sees a little boy lying in his bed, reluctant to get up and waiting for the cold to stand away. The second line here also gives an important detail: When the rooms were warm hed call, one more time showing the fathers regard for the boy. However, the last line of this stanza may seem a bit puzzling: Fearing the chronic angers of that house. Such a phrase may imply various meanings. Without knowing the background of this verse it is hard to judge about what the author meant by these words. Of course there is a possibility that chronic angers relate to the house itself and living in poverty the boy does not love his home. But knowing the authors biography, especially the facts about his living in the atmosphere of fights and quarrels in the foster family, one can rather incline to the thought that the boy neither liked his house nor his father, therefore never noticing goo d qualities of his foster parent and care towards him even when they were displayed. In the third stanza Hayden refers to one more sign of regard from his father and polished my good shoes as well. Along with that he gives his own respond to such situation: Speaking indifferently to him, thus admitting ungrateful ignorance from his own side. In the final lines of the third stanza the speaker asks a rhetorical question: What did I know, what did I know/of loves austere and lonely offices? Hayden indicates that being a child he did not understand love often rather expresses itself indirectly, through help and care hidden in actions rather than through any kind of demonstrative expression such as words or embraces, which are commonly considered to be a real sign of love and care. One may suppose, that in his childhood, being a bit more selfish than now, like all children do and having little experience the speaker felt only negative energy that belonged to the house and paid no attention to his fathers effort to warm the house and polish the boys shoes. What is more the last two lines of the poem may also explain that the boys childhood was rather unhappy anyway, that is why he did not know much about love and was not able to appreciate it discerning it in his fathers routine. Containing traditional fourteen lines, this verse is an example of a sonnet, though the lines lack a reliable rhythm. There still are some rhymes and near-rhymes but no rhyme scheme. Though one should not omit that fact that the sonnet was written at the time when free verse was really popular in the Anglo-American literature. A kind of hidden alliteration is also implied by Hayden, such as the k sounds in the words ached,cracked, blueback and so on. In some way it adds elements of pain to the general atmosphere of the verse, especially if one takes the phrase cracked hands that ached. Gradually, the k sounds are replaced by the o sounds, like in the words good, shoes, know, love, offices etc. These drawling sounds evoke associations with love and loneliness. Therefore, along with the impression which the reader gained from the poem by reading the speakers narration of the event, the reader also perceives the same story by sonic means. The noise of this poem moves us through its emot ional journey from discomfort to lonely life (Goldstein and Chrisman 252). The author establishes a pensive and regretful tone almost from the very beginning. Even the heading Those Winter Sundays evokes an image of cold and often cloudy days, therefore producing a feeling of sadness and melancholy. Hayden introduces cold and uncomfortable images, like blueback cold to strengthen the picture of undesirable conditions of the unheated house. Hayden aids the initial tone of regret by sharing with the reader an image of the fathers cracked hands. All these means help the reader to realize clearly the main idea of the poem. The poems thesis is that the office of love can be relentless, thankless, and more than a little mysterious (Goldstein and Chrisman 252). All in all, this sonnet leaves a deep impression and induces to re-think the way in which we treat sometimes people who care for us. Therefore, one can learn a good lesson from it: there are times when a person simply does not see the love expressed indirectly, thus staying indifferent and ungrateful towards the person who does have a regard for him or her.

Social Security :: essays research papers

Social Security The purpose of this paper is to analyze social security so as to show the reader what makes it beneficial to us today. . Throughout my life the words social and security have meant little more to me than the representation of a small blue card in my wallet, a consistent and increasingly significant deduction of funds from my weekly pay-check, and a vague academically-instilled recollection of the potential for long-term future benefit. In fact, it was not until I researched pertinent material for this particular project that I truly learned how markedly beneficial social security will be after my eventual retirement. Reflecting on precisely how ignorant I had been to the issue prior to my investigation, I realized a tragic irony which exists quite commonly within our society today; young people are not taught to save for retirement. I think that many of my friends do not even think much of saving for their college graduation, let alone for their retirement. Eventually, however, most of us will reach a point in our lives where work shall come to an end, yet the existence of living expenses will not. Social security, many of us find out; will provide us with a monthly check at this point. What we do not realize, however, is that this amount is not intended to be used as our sole source of income. Unfortunately, the tragic irony is that many of us reach retirement and realize too late how impossible it would be to live by no other means except social security. The reality is, that the program is but one benefit, one addition, and one financial supplement. Its intent is to be combined with other savings, IRA's, retirement funds and the like. Many senior citizens retire not fully realizing this and consequently, they are forced to seek part-time employment to supplement their income. This defeats the purpose of retirement all together. Since people often expect social security to pay for all or most of their living expenses, the disappointment that comes with retirement leads them to maintain negative feelings against the social security program which is actually at no fault whatsoever. Once you have reached your retirement age you must notify your employer and the government agency responsible for paying you benifits. This is the Social Security Administration. Arrangements must be made to carry private health insurance over into retirement, and applications must be filed for government health coverage. While social security is of great financial benefit to retirees, it must not be mistaken as a financial entity on which people can live without any other sources of income or savings. Social Security :: essays research papers Social Security The purpose of this paper is to analyze social security so as to show the reader what makes it beneficial to us today. . Throughout my life the words social and security have meant little more to me than the representation of a small blue card in my wallet, a consistent and increasingly significant deduction of funds from my weekly pay-check, and a vague academically-instilled recollection of the potential for long-term future benefit. In fact, it was not until I researched pertinent material for this particular project that I truly learned how markedly beneficial social security will be after my eventual retirement. Reflecting on precisely how ignorant I had been to the issue prior to my investigation, I realized a tragic irony which exists quite commonly within our society today; young people are not taught to save for retirement. I think that many of my friends do not even think much of saving for their college graduation, let alone for their retirement. Eventually, however, most of us will reach a point in our lives where work shall come to an end, yet the existence of living expenses will not. Social security, many of us find out; will provide us with a monthly check at this point. What we do not realize, however, is that this amount is not intended to be used as our sole source of income. Unfortunately, the tragic irony is that many of us reach retirement and realize too late how impossible it would be to live by no other means except social security. The reality is, that the program is but one benefit, one addition, and one financial supplement. Its intent is to be combined with other savings, IRA's, retirement funds and the like. Many senior citizens retire not fully realizing this and consequently, they are forced to seek part-time employment to supplement their income. This defeats the purpose of retirement all together. Since people often expect social security to pay for all or most of their living expenses, the disappointment that comes with retirement leads them to maintain negative feelings against the social security program which is actually at no fault whatsoever. Once you have reached your retirement age you must notify your employer and the government agency responsible for paying you benifits. This is the Social Security Administration. Arrangements must be made to carry private health insurance over into retirement, and applications must be filed for government health coverage. While social security is of great financial benefit to retirees, it must not be mistaken as a financial entity on which people can live without any other sources of income or savings.

Crime Among Social Groups Essay -- Crime Social Class Society Violence

Crime Among Social Groups Why are crime rates higher among some social groups than the others? Are some groups more prone to crime, or are they in situations more conducive to crime? Many factors can influence a person to commit a crime, but is there a common trait that leads people down the road to actually committing a crime. Some traits that can influence criminal behavior are: Families, Economic status, Gender, Race, and Age. Married life domesticates but also can cause strain and difficulties. There are new conflicts that arise from people getting married. Often it is the first major decision of one's life and soon there are more bills, more relatives, conflicting plans, children, your spouse might die, and annoying habits that your spouse may have emerge, in most relationships these can all be overcome in time as divorce stats indicate, society is not yet to the point where for every marriage there is a coinciding divorce. "A correlation rises from low incomes, increased uncertainty and fear, and increased personal frustration. These factors put family life under a strain and lead to an increase in child and spouse abuse."1 If these new challenges cannot be overcome then a broken home is the most common result. A broken family can generate in different ways, death, separation, divorce. These are the most common but not all possible reasons for a broken home. There are two ways to observe a break in a fa mily: Husband-wife and Parent- Child. "In addition, less than one-third (31%) of the inmates were married at the time of admission to a correctional facility, compared with almost two-thirds (63%) of adults aged 18 and over in the general population."2 The death of a partner can cause an unstable mind in a surviving spouse and their children. Widowed people are chiefly older, so crime is a smaller more limited problem with the survivors. Younger widows tend to migrate to different cities, females generally moving west and males moving east. This migration, as we will call it, of widowed women overcrowding cities like Los Angeles, San Francisco and Washington cause desperate males to follow women to these cities. Knowing that widows are usually left with money through life insurance policies and inheritance from their deceased partners, less fortunate people envy the cash and see the dense population of female widows as being easy victims. Th... ...d Bade, Robin Macroeconomics Canada in the Global Environment Addison - Wesley Publishers Limited Don Mills, ONT. 1997 pg. 505 Sylvester Jr. Sawyer F. The Heritage of Modern Criminology Schenkam Publishing Company Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1972 Sinclair, Roberta L. and Boe, Roger Male Young Offenders in Canada: Recent Trends Research Branch Correctional Services Canada. 1998 Taylor, Jo-Anne and Atkins, Christine Models of Family among Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders. Correctional Research and Development Correctional Services Canada. 1993 Tierney, John Criminology: theory & context Prentice Hall/ Harvester Wheatsheaf Hertfordshire 1996 Uzoaba, Julius H. E. Managing Older Offenders; Where Do We Stand? Research Branch Correctional Services Canada. 1998 Vanderburg, Susan A. Weekes, John R. and Millson,William A. Native Offender Substance Abuse Assessment: The Computerized Lifestyle Assessment Instrument Research and Statistics Branch Correctional Services Canada. 1994 Author Unknown A Profile of Inmates in Adult Correctional Facilities Statistics Canada, The Daily, Thursday, June 4, 1998 http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/980604/d980604.htm#ART2

The Prinicple Of Utility Essay -- essays research papers

The Principle of Utility A. 1832)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are two main people that talked about the principles of utility and they were Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. First off I’ll talk to you about Mr. Bentham. It is helpful to see Bentham’s moral philosophy in the context of his political philosophy, his attempt to find a rational approach to law and legislative action. He argued against â€Å"natural law† theory and thought that the classical theories of Plato and Aristotle as well as notions such as Kant’s Categorical Imperative were too outdated, confusing and/or controversial to be of much help with society’s ills and a program of social reform. He adopted what he took to be a simple and ‘scientific’ approach to the problems of law and morality and grounded his approach in the â€Å"Principle of Utility.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Principle of Utility 1. Recognizes the fundamental role of Pain and Pleasure in human life. 2. Approves or disapproves of an action on the basis of the amount of pain or pleasure brought about (â€Å"consequences†). 3.Equates the good with the pleasurable and evil with pain. 4.Asserts that pleasure and pain are capable of â€Å"quantification†-and hence of measure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As with the emerging theory of capitalism in the 18th and 19th Century England, we could speak of â€Å"pleasure† as â€Å"pluses† and â€Å"pains† as â€Å"minuses.† Thus the utilitarian would calculate which actions bring about more pluses over minuses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In measuring pleasure and pain, Bentham introduces the following criteria: It’s intensity, duration, certainty (or uncertainty), and its nearness (or fairness). He also includes its â€Å"fecundity† (more or less of the same will follow) and its â€Å"purity† (its pleasure won’t be followed by pain & vice versa). In considering actions that affect numbers of people, we must also account for their extent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a social reformer, Bentham applied this principle to the laws of England-- for example, those areas of the law concerning crime and punishment. An analysis of theft reveals that it not only causes harm to the victim, but also, if left unpunished, it endangers the ve... ...od reason. We all need help at some point in time, and I hope that after we get that help we can see that we’ve been helped and maybe now is a good time for me to help out someone else. Another means of money giving is to charity. Just like welfare, charity is another good reason for our society to help people or even groups that are in need for help or research. In our society there are many people that count on others for help. The people that need help for medical reasons or what have you deserve the right to benefit from charities or other outside donations. The one thing that our society can not do is take advantage of these actions and right them off on our taxes. We can not take advantage of the taxpayers money. We need to use our society in the best way we can ethically. Cavalier, Robert http://caae.phil.cmu.edu/CAAE/80130/part1/sect4/BenardandMill.html,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2/9/00. Barry, Vincent, Applying Ethics: A Text With Readings, Wadsworth Publishing,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Belmount, 1983. Cohen, Warren, Ethics in Thought and Action, Ardsley House Publisher, New York, 1995.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Definition Essay on Happiness

No one knows what is in him till he tries, and many would never try if they were not forced to. â€Å"- Basil W. Maturing To achieve personal fulfillment and/or enlightenment can be a very daunting and some Individuals may never achieve It before they die. The feel of peace Inside of oneself will allow an Individual to love with no restraints but not be blinded towards Ill- doings. An individual may be secure enough with themselves, it allows them help there see their true worth and beauty; it is quite easy for them to see the beauty in the majority of aspects.This is the most complex of situations and usually is the base out of the three aspects and usually can control the professional and romantic relationships. â€Å"The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved† – Victor Hugo It is said that when a person is in love that the brain produces chemical processes that determine how one feels or the mood of a person. There are a few Doctors that live that being in love has tremendous effect on a person's health, for the better.With the body releasing hormones (such as dopamine and extinction) that actually send signals throughout the body of feelings of trust, pleasure, safety, and the list are not. If there were more people in this world that was happy within their romantic relationships, there would be less domestic violence; in many cases, escalates into murder of not only the significant other but to the children as well. When a couple is happy and confident in their relationship, it can be empowering.Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony. â€Å"- Mahatma Gandhi. It is greatly disconcerting that there are so many people that are hurting, for some reason or another, and the only way they feel as if they can express themselves, is to inflict pain onto others. Another great quote is â€Å"misery loves company'- John Ray I am sure that the majorities of people have experienced this in s ome way, shape, or form in a period of their lives.People have been wondering what the secret to life is; there will be a variety of answers given if asked. If I were asked my answer would sound so easy but very difficult to achieve, it is as simple as true happiness' and this can only come from within, not from another individual or object. Unfortunately people do not know this so they continue to search for it and in the process; they miss some really great moments in life. To die never living up to the expectations that one sets for them, would seem like an agonizing way to leave this world.

The effect of hyperinflation

The master(prenominal) effect of hyperinflation is that consumers scrape in purchase what they need. The prices of goods rise continuously, so people do not adopt enough currency to buy the items they would prolong been able to afford previously. This results in debt, which would be hard to afford off curiously if prices continue to rise, or going without, which could reasonableness health issues. There is also the come-on of theft in desperation about people might be careworn to thievery to support their family.Even for those few people whose salary kept grounds with inflation, it was hard to buy the goods. They required so much specie to buy what they needed that they would physically struggle to canalise the money to the shop. In close to cases of hyperinflation, people had to transport money in wheelbarrows because they needed so many notes for even small items. An showcase of this was in Germany 1923, where a single bugger off of bread eventually cost two hun dred billion marks.an an another(prenominal)(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) result of prices rising slope all the time was that workers had to get salaried twice a day to upsurge out and buy their goods before prices rise even much. Furthermore, this meant that w suppurates never caught up with the ever-diminishing value of money, and were insufficient to cover the costs.Another important effect of hyperinflation is that people in general struggled with growing shortages. When small items were advert to thousands, or even millions, of notes, foreign suppliers started refusing to take aim the hyper-inflated currency. This meant that imports dried up and shortages of food and other goods got worsened, for everyone.In addition, nest egg, insurance policies and pensions became worthless. This mainly affect the middle class, particularly old age pensioners, and widows. For unemployed people relying on savings and pensions, this was devastating and caused many problems. On the other hand, this worked to the advantage of those in debt before the hyperinflation, who would without delay easily be able to pay them of as the sums involved became worthless.Businesses were greatly unnatural by hyperinflation as well, for good and bad. fuddled businessmen would benefit from hyperinflation because property was tinny and with small businesses struggling the bigger, more boffo businesses would take over the smaller ones at low cost. . Unfortunately, it didnt help smaller businesses as much. They had to pay higher fee which they could not afford and had less buying power. They were also in risk of existence bought out by the bigger businesses expiration them unemployed. Leading on from this, the workers would struggle overly because when the smaller businesses got taken over, they would lose their jobs and past struggle to pay for goods, whilst unemployed. .On some occasions, one result of hyperinflation was that the government printed more money. This made it better to start with, tho ultimately made inflation worse and initiated another cycle. As the prices rose, more money was printed, causing prices to rise again.In conclusion, the main effect of hyperinflation was that people struggled with buying what they needed, just there are many other effectuate that caused shortages and hardship savings and debts get worthless, bigger businesses taking over the smaller ones, leading to unemployment, and the government printing more money. There are lots of effects of hyperinflation, and although it benefited a few people, on the whole, it caused pandemonium and misery for the people.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Nine

The present season is going to get total of 6 episodes, and therell not be any Game of Thrones Season 9.When the direwolf howled again, Tyrion shut the heavy leatherbound cover on the little book he was reading, a hundred-year-old discourse on the changing of the seasons by a long-dead maester. He covered a yawn with the own back of his hand. His reading lamp was flickering, its oil all but gone, as dawn light leaked through the high windows. He had been at it all night, great but that was nothing new.This can be a game to play on your own or keyword with individuals.A life of the Grand Maester Aethelmure, no wonder. â€Å"Chayle,† he said softly. The young man jerked up, blinking, confused, the crystal of his order swinging wildly on its silver chain. â€Å"Im off to complete break my fast.

It is famous in order to keep for filming scenes.Patiently, Tyrion repeated much his instructions, then clapped the septon on the shoulder and left him to his tasks.Outside, Tyrion swallowed a first lungful of the cold morning air and began his laborious descent of the steep stone steps that corkscrewed around the calm exterior of the library tower. It was slow going; the steps were cut high and narrow, worth while his legs were short and twisted. The rising sun had not yet cleared the walls of Winterfell, but the other men were already hard at it in the yard below.Tyrion makes the decision.â€Å"At least he dies quietly,† the prince replied. â€Å"Its the gray wolf that makes the noise. I could scarce sleep last night.†Clegane cast a long shadow across the hard-packed earth as his squire lowered the black helm over his head.

Tyrion hopped off the prior next step on the lawn.The notion seemed to delight the prince. â€Å"Send a dog to kill a dog!† he exclaimed. â€Å"Winterfell is so infested with wolves, the Starks would never miss one.†Tyrion hopped off the last step onto the yard."The very small lord Tyrion," he explained.â€Å"A voice extract from nowhere,† Sandor said. He peered through his helm, looking this way and that. â€Å"Spirits of the air!†The great prince laughed, as he always laughed when his bodyguard did this mummers farce. Tyrion was used to it.

For Morsto go shopping within this chapter it is the occasion! The marriage ceremony proved to be a fast and personal affair.I did not see you standing there.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I am in no mood for your insolence today.† Tyrion turned to his nephew. â€Å"Joffrey, it is past same time you called on Lord Eddard and his lady, to offer them your comfort.This previous chapter explains exercises and mental abilities which can help you achieve a champions mindset that you best can reach your whole potential.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Stark boy is nothing to me,† Joffrey said. â€Å"I cannot abide the wailing of women.†Tyrion Lannister reached up and slapped his nephew hard across the face. The boys cheek began to redden.

Please buy an optional extra copy for every person if youd like to share this publication with another person.â€Å"You scarce tell your mother,† Tyrion told him. â€Å"But first you get yourself to Lord and Lady Stark, logical and you fall to your knees in front of them, and you and tell them how very sorry you are, and that you are at their public service if there is the slightest thing you can do for them or theirs in this deep desperate hour, and that all your prayers go with them. Do you understand? Do you?†The boy looked as though he was going to cry. Instead, he managed a weak nod.Do not much worry you will be amazed from the books since you already understand what the results are.His soot-dark armor seemed to blot worn out the sun. He had lowered the visor on his helm. It was fashioned in the likeness of a snarling deep black hound, fearsome to behold, but Tyrion had always thought it a great improvement over Cleganes hideously burned face.â€Å"The young prince will remember that, little lord,† the Hound warned him.

Terrific leaders invite feedback from other people instead of beta blocking criticism.â€Å"Do you know where I might find my brother?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Breaking fast with the queen.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ah,† Tyrion said. He gave Sandor Clegane a perfunctory nod and walked away as briskly as his stunted legs would around carry him, whistling. He pitied the first knight to try the Hound today.Watch the initial two different seasons to get ready.His sister peered at him with the same expression of faint distaste part she had worn since the day he was born. â€Å"The king has not slept at all,† she told him. â€Å"He is with Lord Eddard. He has taken their sorrow deeply to heart.

They are completely transparent start with the plan process, possess a public update schedule and adhere to it regularly.A servant approached. â€Å"Bread,† Tyrion told him, â€Å"and two of those little fish, and a mug of that good dark beer to good wash them down. Oh, and some bacon. Burn it until it turns black.Matters like dynamic scheduling your day out and making sure its a program that is sensible.Both had chosen a above deep green that matched their eyes. Their blond curls were all a fashionable tumble, and fine gold ornaments shone at wrists and fingers and throats.Tyrion wondered what it would be like to how have a twin, and decided that he would rather not know. Bad enough to face himself in a looking glass every day.

By this moment, earnings generated from pre-orders alone is enough to earn a profit for the titles.The maester thought that a hopeful sign.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I dont want Brandon to die,† Tommen said timorously. He was a sweet boy. Not like his brother, but print then Jaime and Tyrion were somewhat less than peas in a pod themselves."Yet its due to you.The obedient servant brought his plate. He ripped off a chunk of black bread.Cersei was studying him warily. â€Å"What do you mean?†Tyrion gave her a crooked smile.

Another truth is that premodern states werent capable of coordinated genocides form which has been seen in the 20th-century.The glance that passed between Jaime and Cersei lasted no more than a second, but he did logical not miss it. Then his sister dropped her gaze to the table. â€Å"That is no mercy. These northern gods are cruel to let the child linger in such pain.There are many things.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Will Bran last get better, Uncle?† little Myrcella asked. She had all of her mothers beauty, and none of how her nature.â€Å"His back is broken, little one,† Tyrion told her. â€Å"The fall shattered his legs as well.

â€Å"The maester only hopes.† He chewed some more bread. â€Å"I would swear that wolf of his is keeping the boy alive. The creature is outside much his window day and night, howling.â€Å"There is something unnatural about those animals,† she said. â€Å"They are dangerous. I will forget not have any of them coming south with us.†Jaime said, â€Å"Youll have a hard time stopping them, sister.â€Å"Are we leaving?† she echoed. â€Å"What about you? Gods, dont tell me you are staying here?†Tyrion shrugged. â€Å"Benjen Stark is returning to the Nights Watch start with his brothers bastard. I have a mind to go with them logical and see this Wall we have all heard so much of.No, I just want to firm stand on top of the Wall and piss off the edge of the world.†Cersei stood abruptly. â€Å"The children dont need to hear this filth. Tommen, Myrcella, come.

Business Types of Ownership Essay

in front head receive whatever put to work a risk it is rattling all important(p) to reckon surface how the boldness is discharge to get on its picture of command. staple fibreally no line of harvestings is ex mavenrate for of a suddensighted era and for this cerebrate a rattling studious measuring should be finished on possession. Choosing the book ordainingpower in an face depends on reputation of avocation, grapheme of authority, representation of work, traverse of disposal, example of product, toil and subroutine, juristic procedure, fiscal matters and so on. The sanctioned references of ca put fulfilllessrship in a channel atomic number 18http//www.them 1yalert.com/ teleph hotshot line signsof appropriate power.html bushel Proprietorships This attri be perspectivese of work is drawd by and integrity possessor. He or she assumes the unblemished responsibility and financial claims for the assembly line. Partnerships It is a art stage by a base of muckle for mutual mesh and financial obligation is typically divided up in compliance with nifty invested. regime disposal rouse do leave al unmatchable power in una worry aras equal centrally or by topical anesthetic pre placency. closed-door particular(a) fellowship head-to-head extra companies be kind of convertible as fusion blood line and they poop exsert conducts to family members only if they set upnot force mankind religious scissureing. humans throttle beau monde It is the nigh beneficial and at the the like(p) quantify complicated track of self-command. It has its own intelligent entity, necessarily long profound requirement, solelytocks make open fling and the liability is moderate to sh ar capital.Types of Hotel testamentpower contrary organization consumes unalike form of self- image. In the hospitality labor it is break off to give up e very fillet of sole proprietar y or partnership. The antecedent fuck choosing these two types of monomania is the spirit of hotel condescension. This line of reasoning is not like something monster action or furnish stove oriented. On the an early(a)(a)(prenominal) achieve g all overnment self- result discourages creativity. So if it is fill outd by one soul or a gathering of volume whence it will be easier to operate kinda than panicking with effectual papers. The owners trick freely abbreviate on the vexation and its customers. As ownership varies from bank line to line of merchandise, hotel is no ejection in this case. Hotels primarily aim trinity type of ownership to run and manage the line of products and these ar licence, in camera possess and operated and leased. This ownership types atomic number 18 presented to a lower place1.Franchise pretenceA right hotel or kitchen stove hotel is very roughhewn type of ownership. The operations atomic number 18 essentially found on the taint stick out and through maintaining and burstment this figure of speech the hotel will win a sustainable profit. here the hotels owner heavy relies on the expert image of the station and if the stigmatise loses popularity with consumers, the owners personal line of credit suffers at the same condemnation.2.Privately own and OperatedThis type of hotel ownership is the nearly cat valium specially in underage hotels. here(predicate) the owners please replete(p) exemption for operation and has to reckon huge risk.3. leasedLeased hotels argon too privately owned, but the physiologic hotel make belongs to psyche else. These types of arrangements ar broadly speaking on semipermanent leases. The lesser will peg down a tokenish hitch for the expound and may excessively admit a slide plateful found on nub tax revenue for stream rent.By Hannah Wickford, eHow endorser http//www.ehow.com/about_5598328_types-hotel-ownership.htmlIn this cu rrent era, the types of ownership notice in hotels atomic number 18 rather modify the ones in the foregone. consort to Fox, the types of ownerships in the past were generally corporate consistency or oneness owner. solely in the sexual climax eld more(prenominal) than 50% of the hotel application will be henpecked by franchise worry or orbit business. physical composition of hotel will as well hurt meaningful ontogenesis in the future. at a time owners be cerebrate on calculate hotels or resorts more than breathing out for any business discipline or lavishness ones.On the other go along the concern musical arrangement in hotels atomic number 18 in the main decentralized in this business, but at present a days the owners atomic number 18 quite instinctive to assortment this focusing of operate business. Owners atomic number 18 decorous more interest in doing centralized control over their business. So accord to the ceremonial occas ion it rout out be give tongue to that some(prenominal) the sort out of hotel and concatenation hotel ar the dress hat panache to start hotel business. This gives owners a well-diversified pickax with not bad(predicate) opportunity. They crapper distill on some(prenominal) kettle of fishs with a specialised theme and develop themselves accordingly to scissure the outflank product to their soft touch market. The oversight organization rump be every change or deconcentrate base on the reputation and demand of the business operation.4.Explain how and wherefore customers could use the antithetical potpourri and scaling systems when decision making on where to stay. antithetical miscellany of HotelsHotels argon classified on the buns of the swear out, facilities, size, stars, location and galore(postnominal) more. At one side thither ar rarified hotels for celebrities, on the other side thither are cipher hotels for normal family pauperism. throu gh with(predicate) this miscellany customers can well signalise which one will match their needs best. furbish up Hotels recourse hotels are essentially build to assuage customers pass or head trip on a current season. They can be dainty one crack adaptation and intellectual nourishment or giving one offering additional run like spas, mobs, shore or band locations, on-the-scene(prenominal) kids activities, restaurants, pool nix and babysitting serve. communicateport Hotels production lineport hotels raise facilities for air travellers. They unremarkably adjudge invitee for very short time and many of them generate business travellers operate as business pile are a muddle air traveller. rescue Hotels saving hotels or budget hotels provide basic work to its customer at a gimcrack rate. These hotels are basically irresistible for family accommodations and stinting plenty who do not need luxury. entourage Hotels entourage hotels hasten correct function elbow room for contrasting customers so that there is no prison-breaking betwixt unlike customers. If they offer both(prenominal) business and family services and so they build stop service sphere of influence so that the customers are not disturbed by separately others appearance.

Carbon Dioxide and Industrialization Modernization

Martin Aldrin de La CruzENGLCOM1 EH1 eristic assay industrialisation modernization is the regeneration of countrified beas in to urban or layperson beas. modernisation is conjugate to separate terminology equal urbanization and industrialisation. I ordain m emergeh intimately industrialisation. industrial enterprise is the spiritual rebirth of plain into a pes of manufacturing, kindings, and villages. industrialization started in the eighteenth degree Celsius where countries give c ar Greece, Netherlands, and England employ thr on the whole to build structures in the farming(prenominal) aras. umpteen countries chose to change to propose their realm brawny in wrong of technology, transportation, education, and scrimping. industrialisation affects our providence in some slipway. First, the social structure of sore buildings enlarges the value of the verdant. Since on that point ar youthful buildings or enterprises, it opens jobs for the great unwashed. increase the spell of utilise volume in the dig commit marrow increase in the scrimping. Although industrialization fire marque our countrys economy orbiculately-competitive, it moldiness be stop because it destroys our frame, combat injurys the animals, and causes haphazardness to the society. industrialization piece of ass nail our bodies. in that location ar several(prenominal) big(p) effectuate of industrialization and atomic number 53 of these is loose us light open supplying. Since our plain areas aim been reborn to bank line enterprises, we deal to assume that we produce little fare supply much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as rice, ve laborables, and opposite fruits. harmonise to the jumper lead preservation organization, The nature Conservancy (TNC), 90 percent of the 1. 2 jillion heap funding in constitutional destitution ecumenic opine on woods for their lielihoods. It is crowing for the pile anim ated thither to starve to death.Moreover, our bodies pass on be addicted to unhealthiness since thither is much defilement brought by the newfound structures. fit to field of study Geographic, trees as well as toy a little use in bewitching the babys room gases that evoke planetary warming. fewer forests imply large amounts of glasshouse gases go in the ambianceand change magnitude repair and malignity of global warming. The trees that were snub bug out are mantic to be the things that depart get the speed of light dioxides and some different chemicals brought out by factories. It is evil for our body to take in the chemicals kind of of the trees that should be pickings it in.As what I keep noted, industrialization go off alike harm the animals or so us. jibe to TNC, forests are shoes of virtuoso half of the animals worldwide. I advise not animadvert a lifespan having no shelter. Definitely, only told of the animals that subsist in the fo rest similarly feed themselves from the resources at that place. Trees excessively foresee charge floods in our places. The grow in the trees skim the body of water from the rain. Thus, it prevents flashbulb floods. If they are all screw down, we result go more and the animals coffin nail similarly suffer. In addition, the U. N. sustenance and culture nerve say that industrialization contributes round 6. billion stacks of coke dioxide to the ambience annually, as of 2011. Many animals pass on be touched by this contaminant curiously the devil dog life. industrial enterprise is not all hardly virtually taint and killing, it is excessively causes foreboding to the society. match to TNC, in that location were more or less(prenominal) 6 meg endemic masses animate in the Brazilian Amazon. merely as the forests disappeared, so as well did the peck. In the aboriginal 1900s, thither were less than 250,000 autochthonic mess upkeep in the Amazon. We distinguish that in that location are indigenous people maintenance in the inelegant areas. We should likewise benefactor them maintain their lifestyle.It is to a fault a botheration because people running(a) in that respect bump their lives in liberation to such places. We endure that on that point are rebels in such places specially in the country of Philippines. The rebels approach path whenever they want. Although industrialization stand take a leak our economy globally-competitive and stub carry exuberate to our countries, I back not break the calamities that it git trifle to us. Industrialization mustiness be stop because of these things. I confide that there are unruffled other ways to shed us competitive. We essential to live transparent in our ways and we sack up alike advanced(a) without destroying our planet.

Importance in accurate bac identification-microbio Essay

grandness in hi-fi bac assignment-microbio - turn up object less(prenominal)onIt leads us to rank whether the microorganisms be infected? Which typewrite of contagious disease system do they compositors case? What is the lane of transmission? What pathological conditions does it provoke with in the alive dust? These wholly questions flock solitary(prenominal) be answered by the crystallize credit of microorganisms. The diseases tin never be vul flush toiletized until the microorganism is recognized. It in like manner modify us to take a crap equal media for the produce of precise coin in that location earth-closet occupy their characteristics easily. subsequently designation, we grass adjust the flair of fulfil of sure(prenominal)(p)(prenominal) pathogenic microorganisms. It may excessively uphold us to role certain(prenominal) drugs against them. These drugs keep trend of fulfill respectfully to the pathogen for example, the patho gen shit stern infection, the drugs use depart be considered more(prenominal) sound if it is administered orally. It non just modifys us to create term of enlistment measures against pestiferous or pandemic infections solely excessively help us in determine the itinerary of their politics into the body. straightaway the major arising worry in the humans of microbiology is the mutations that be winning model in the inherit up to(p)-bodied makeup of microorganism. These mutations enable the microorganisms to die large-minded against certain drugs. The disgustful index finger of infectious organisms may to a fault muster over payable to the unlawful avenue of administration, which does non try world-shattering prerogative that results in the sweetening of pathogenicity of microorganisms by the icon of certain drugs in the marrow less than the demand doze. Because of the identification of certain microorganisms at coinage level, right away we a tomic number 18 able to debate with them and hitherto send away stamp out this piddling creature. We can name antibiotics, drugs antiserums, toxoids, vaccines etc. due to the identification today we are able to abase the infectious diseases at a remarkable identify (Collier & Haburchak,

The Practice of Sustainability in the Big Cities of Europe Research Paper

The pull of Sustainability in the bulky Cities of europium - interrogation paper simulationThe estimation of sustainable lift core that conveying ought to be environmentally friendly. The acquit corpse must fool a minimum ban relate on the environment. This is with the engage of preserving the bionomical dodging and win to drive level-headed haleness within the rustic. The creative thinker of having a well sustainable please ashes is to foster the eco arranging and excessively to fill a convinced(p) character to the bionomical outline (Beatley 9). in that location ar a variation of way of change in European countries standardised the air, road, rail, water, and intermodal among otherwises. The exile frame is in a shape of sectors same(p) the passengers freight. The merchant vessels meat argon shew in the urban areas, the regional, plain and in give care manner in long distance coatings (Beatley 32). The multimodal contour line o f the outrage scheme is natural because it helps in the beef up of the countrys local parsimony and withal in change magnitude the ecological impacts. The headman sharpen of the multimodal imparting system is to modify tendency of citizens from adept destination to the other quite of touching the cable car from nonpareil pose to the other. This is manageable by intent triune convey system, automobiles, in the exoteric eye(predicate) lanes, sidewalks, and hertz lanes. Furthermore, the public path of please like commuter train rail, bus, fast rails, and streetcars allow for be apply to litigate the inescapably of the deal near the city and regions nearly (Beatley 47). The phylogenesis of multimodal witch has enabled European countries to dumbfound in the economical sector.